tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-70174438091568930702023-11-15T10:01:30.071-08:00VAMSIUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger11125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7017443809156893070.post-91428978855693080402007-02-24T06:07:00.002-08:002007-02-24T06:09:03.413-08:00lil kimEarly years<br /><br />Kimberly Jones was born and raised in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. At the age of nine, her parents divorced, leaving her at home with her father. The relationship between Jones and her father was frequently negative and at one point ended when Kim attempted to stab him after a physical fight. Kim's father moved to another state, leaving her homeless. She eventually went back with her mother, where they both lived out of a car. Jones was purportedly living on the streets when she met Christopher Wallace a.k.a. rapper The Notorious B.I.G., who was a key figure in both her personal and artistic life, particularly when Wallace had gained popularity and influence through his relationship with Bad Boy Records. During the 90's, she became pregnant with Wallace's child but aborted it to pursue a career in rap.<br /><br />[edit] The Junior M.A.F.I.A. and Hard Core<br />Hard Core (1996)<br />Hard Core (1996)<br /><br />In late 1994, Wallace was instrumental in introducing and promoting the Brooklyn based group Junior M.A.F.I.A., which included Jones (aka "Big Momma" or "The Lieutenant") at the time. The group's first and only album was titled Conspiracy. The group released their first single, "Playas Anthem", which went on to top the Rap charts. Perhaps notably for a young female, Lil' Kim wrote all 16 bars of her verse on the song. The next singles, "Need U Tonight" featuring Aaliyah, and "Get Money," were both certified gold and made the top 20 on the Hot 100. The album debuted at No. 8 on the Billboard 200.<br /><br />After a year with Junior M.A.F.I.A., Jones began a solo career by recording her debut album. Hard Core was released on November 12, 1996. The album debuted at #11 on the Billboard 200 and #2 on the Rap Chart's selling over 100,000 copies in the first week, also making it the highest-charting album by a female rapper on the Billboard 200 charts at the time. . The album's lead single "No Time", a duet with Puff Daddy, reached the #1 spot for nine weeks on the Rap Charts. The single quickly went platinum. The album later produced the Double Platinum selling single "Crush On You" and the Platinum single "Not Tonight"(Remix). "Not Tonight"(Remix) saw Lil' Kim team up with Missy Elliott, Angie Martinez, Da Brat and Left Eye of TLC. The song was released and went to #6 on the Billboard Hot 100, and also earned Lil' Kim her first Grammy Award nomination and was the first of several awards she received. In March 1997, her mentor and secret lover Notorious B.I.G. was shot and killed in Los Angeles. Kim was devastated; she would often pay homage to him in her future recordings. Following this event, she sunk into deep depression, stopped promoting Hard Core, and took a break from the music scene for a while. Meanwhile, Hard Core went on to go Double Platinum in the US. The song "Big Momma Thang (feat. Jay-Z) was originally recorded without Jay's verse. The verse which Jay's replaced contained disses towards Faith Evans & 2Pac. It is rumored that the verse regarding Pac was removed as a sign of respect, since he died 2 months before the release of Hardcore. It is unknown why the verse about Faith was also removed, but Faith and Wallace were in a relationship at the time, so he may have been pressured by Evans to remove it. The validity of this is unknown, yet the original version continues to surface on the internet.<br /><br />[edit] The Notorious KIM<br />The Notorious KIM (2000)<br />The Notorious KIM (2000)<br /><br />From 1998-2000, Kim toured and modeled for various fashion and pop culture companies including Candies, Versace, Iceberg, and Baby Phat. In 1999, she performed P. Diddy's "No Way Out" tour. In the same year, she launched her own label Queen Bee Entertainment and even though she hadn't had an album of her own release, she was seen on dozens of remixes and guest appearances on other artist's records. In late 1999, she recorded her sophomore album, utilizing a style in hip hop known as Pop-Rap in a few of her songs. On June 27, 2000, Kim released her second album The Notorious KIM. The album marked a new image and revamped look for the rapper. Despite the limited success of its singles, the album surprisingly reached #4 on the Top 200 Albums Charts, and #1 on the Hip-Hop/R&B charts. It was certified Platinum by the RIAA, selling 1.4 million in the United States<br />[edit] Moulin Rouge!<br /><br />In 2001, Lil' Kim teamed up with Christina Aguilera, P!nk, and Mýa to remake the soulful "Lady Marmalade," which was originally performed by the group Labelle (which included diva Patti LaBelle) 25 years earlier. The song was recorded for the Moulin Rouge! film soundtrack, released in April 2001, and stayed #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks. The song also went to #1 in 50 countries around the world. This was a big accomplishment for female rap, as well as for Kim, who scored her first #1 Hot 100 hit and became the first and to date third female rapper in history to hit #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. Lady Marmalade also garnered Kim her first Grammy Award.<br /><br />In 2003, Lil' Kim recorded a new entrance theme for then World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) Women's champion Trish Stratus entitled, "Time to Rock 'n Roll", which was used during broadcasts, until Stratus' retirement. The single was released on WWE Anthology, a compilation of entrance theme music to various Professional Wrestling superstars.<br /><br />[edit] La Bella Mafia<br />La Bella Mafia (2003)<br />La Bella Mafia (2003)<br /><br />On March 4, 2003, Kim released her third critically acclaimed album, La Bella Mafia. Highly rated (4.5 mics) by music magazine The Source. La Bella Mafia spawned the hit "The Jump Off" featuring Mr. Cheeks, which climbed to number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100. Then came the single "Magic Stick" feat. 50 Cent, which hit No. 2 on the Hot 100 without a video ever being shot (due to beef forming between Kim & 50, after 50 made fun of Kim undergoing surgery).<br /><br />La Bella Mafia debuted at #5 on the Billboard 200. It soon went Platinum and sold 1.1 Million copies. Kim was nominated for five Source Awards and won two ("Female Hip-Hop Artist of the Year", and "Female Single of the Year"). This album also got two Grammy Award nominations: Best Female Rap Solo Performance ("Came Back For You") and Best Rap Collaboration ("Magic Stick"). She was also nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with singer Christina Aguilera for the song "Can't Hold Us Down", from Aguilera's album Stripped.<br /><br />[edit] Criminal conviction and The Naked Truth<br />The Naked Truth (2005)<br />The Naked Truth (2005)<br /><br />On March 17, 2005, Kim was found guilty of conspiracy and perjury for lying to a grand jury about her friends' involvement in a 2001 shooting outside the Hot 97 studios in Manhattan — involving the entourage of rap duo Capone-N-Noreaga and her reported fellow Brooklynite rival Foxy Brown. She claimed not to have known that her manager (Damion Butler), and another friend (Suif “Gutta” Jackson) were at the scene, despite video> footage showing all three exiting the building. Both men have pleaded guilty to gun charges since. In July 2005, she was sentenced to a one-year-and-a-day in the Philadelphia Detention Center. She had requested to go to a camp center in Connecticut to be closer to her mother, but instead was ordered to report to the Philadelphia Detention Center. Many people were outraged over this stern sentence because Martha Stewart, who was also convicted of perjury during the same time period, was only sentenced to 5 months in a small women's camp in Alderson, West Virginia. Her lawyer stated that, "A year and a day is actually less than a year sentence, because according to federal sentencing guidelines, if there's an extra day, time is credited to you". A parole bill was filed that reduced her sentence. Throughout her entire jail sentence, Kim's representatives declared that she was busy working; she wrote over 200 songs while in prison.<br /><br />Despite her conviction, Kim released a fourth album, The Naked Truth, during her sentence on September 27, 2005. It earned her a 5 mic rating from The Source, making her the first and only female rapper to ever accomplish this feature. The album debuted at #6 on the Billboard 200 charts, giving Kim her fourth Top 10 debut on the charts. The Naked Truth has been Kim's only album to not reach Platinum status, having sold only 360,000 copies.<br /><br />The music video for The Naked Truth's first single, "Lighters Up" was number one on BET's 106 & Park for two weeks. "Lighters Up," was a Top Ten hit on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart. The single also reached #76 on the German Single Chart, #12 on the UK Top 75 and #4 on the Finland Single Chart. The second single, "Whoa" was released on February 17, 2006. It reached reached No. 22 on Airplay. On March 9, BET premiered the show Lil Kim: Countdown to Lockdown, which was filmed before Kim headed to jail. The show became the highest rated premiere in BET history, with 1.8 million viewers. A second season is currently in the works showcasing Lil' Kim in her post-prison lifestyle. The show will air in the Spring of 2007.<br /><br />In May 2006, Debbie Harry released a Lil' Kim tribute song called "Dirty and Deep" in protest of her conviction. The song is available free from the Deborah Harry Home Page.<br /><br />On June 6, 2006, Lil' Kim "The Dance Remixes" was released. It features 10 remixes of her most popular songs.<br /><br />[edit] Post-Prison<br /><br />On July 3, 2006, Kim was released from the Philadelphia Federal Detention Center. Hundreds of fans and supporters gathered around the prison as she made her release, holding a "Welcome Home" balloon and a dozen roses. After she waved to her fans and gave speeches to news reporters, Kim left in a 2007 Rolls Royce Phantom with a driver, telling the crowds, "Thank you, I love you all." According to her assistant, Kim was welcomed home by five different parties, including one hosted by VIBE magazine.<br /><br />Lil' Kim is now looking for a new record deal. The rapper's attorney, L. Londell McMillan, said on Aug. 10 that Kim and her label, Atlantic Records, are currently "having discussions" about her deal and whether or not she will continue to make music under the company's title.<br /><br />"We do wish Atlantic would release and simply free Kim," stated McMillan, who also said that he "cannot confirm the details at this time" regarding the possible split from Atlantic.<br /><br />At this time Atlantic Records would like for Lil' Kim to continue to make music under their label, but there has been no word as of yet, whether Lil' Kim will remain with the label. According to her lawyers, Atlantic is offering Lil' Kim a whole new deal, but Interscope is trying to buy Lil' Kim's contract.<br /><br />There has also been discussion about a possible re-release of The Naked Truth and Lil' Kim has released a re-mastered version of "The Game's In Trouble" to radio, but nothing has been officially stated. Lil' Kim also recorded a mixtape track entitled "Brooklyn 4 Life" with fellow rappers Maino and Papoose. It is unsure at this time if this track will make an official release.<br /><br />Lil' Kim gave her first post-prison performance at this years VH1: Hip-Hop Honors 2006. Lil' Kim paid tribute to veteran rapper MC Lyte. Kim performed, "Lyte As A Rock" for Lyte's tribute. Lil' Kim stated "MC Lyte has paved the way for many rappers including myself, and I was honored to show respect for an amazing woman."<br /><br />Lil' Kim is also slated to appear in two new movies, including one about her life. She has both a clothing and shoe line which will be available in Summer 2007. She has also signed a lucrative book deal about her life. The second season of her reality show "Countdown To Off Lockdown" will premiere in Spring 2007 on BET.<br /><br />[edit] Philanthropy<br /><br />Lil' Kim recently started a foundation called "Lil' Kim Cares." It is a charity project that gives help to anyone who contacts the foundation via e-mail at lilkimcares.org. During Christmas 2005, Kim's charity, along with her good friend Zab Judah's charity, donated toys, clothing and food to underprivileged families in Philadelphia.<br /><br />From 2000-2002, Lil' Kim and best friend, singer Mary J. Blige, were spokeswomen for MAC Cosmetics and raised a record $4 million for people living with AIDS.<br /><br />In October 2006, Lil' Kim became a Mentor for a young lady from a charity event sponsored by Senator Hillary Clinton, John Kerry, and other Democrats.<br /><br />[edit] Discography<br /><br /> Main article: Lil' Kim discography<br /><br />[edit] Albums<br /><br /> * 1996: Hard Core<br /> * 2000: The Notorious KIM<br /> * 2003: La Bella Mafia<br /> * 2005: The Naked Truth<br /> * 2006: The Dance Remixes<br /><br />[edit] Singles<br />Year Song U.S. Hot 100 U.S. R&B/Hip-Hop U.S. Rap UK singles Album<br />1996 "No Time"(featuring Puff Daddy) (Platinum) 18 9 1 45 Hard Core<br />1996 "Crush on You" (2x Platinum)<br />(re-released in the UK) 16 - 1 36<br />23 Hard Core<br />1997 "Not Tonight (Remix)" (featuring Left Eye, Da Brat, Missy Elliott, and Angie Martinez) (Platinum) 6 3 1 11 Hard Core<br />2000 "No Matter What They Say" 60 15 6 35 The Notorious KIM<br />2000 "How Many Licks?" (featuring Sisqó) 75 36 11 - The Notorious KIM<br />2000 "Notorious KIM" (airplay/promotional) 54 32 1 - The Notorious KIM<br />2000 "Hold On" (featuring Mary J. Blige) 48 9 1 - The Notorious KIM<br />2001 "Lady Marmalade" (with Christina Aguilera, P!nk, and Mýa) 1 12 - 1 Moulin Rouge! (OST)<br />2001 "In the Air Tonite" (featuring Phil Collins) - - - 26 Urban Renewal (The Songs of Phil Collins)<br />2003 "The Jump Off" (featuring Mr. Cheeks) 16 2 1 16 La Bella Mafia<br />2003 "Magic Stick"(featuring 50 Cent) 2 1 1 - La Bella Mafia<br />2003 "Thug Luv" (featuring Twista) - 60 14 - La Bella Mafia<br />2004 "Can't Hold Us Down" (with Christina Aguilera) 12 - - 6 Stripped<br />2005 "Lighters Up" 31 9 8 12 The Naked Truth<br />2006 "Whoa" - 30 - 43 The Naked TruthUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7017443809156893070.post-77302363781463349692007-02-24T06:07:00.001-08:002007-02-24T06:07:47.319-08:00hrithikCareer<br /><br />Hrithik's first movie role was as a child artist when he was six years old in the 1980 movie Aasha, when he appeared in a dance sequence as an extra. He went on to appear as a child artist in Aap Ki Deewane (1980) and Bhagwan Dada (1986).<br />As Child artist in Bhagwan Dada (1986)<br />As Child artist in Bhagwan Dada (1986)<br /><br />He was an assistant director for his father's films Karan Arjun (1995) and Koyla (1997).<br /><br />He made his debut as a leading man in the 2000 film Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai opposite another debutante actress Amisha Patel. The film was directed by his father and proved to be very successful at the box office: It was the highest grossing film of 2000 and winner of the Filmfare Best Movie Award. Hrithik's performance earned him the Filmfare Best Debut Award and the Filmfare Best Actor Award. That same year, Hrithik also starred in Fiza and Mission Kashmir which were only moderately successful at the box office.<br /><br />In 2001, Hrithik starred in Yaadein which was a failure at the box office and Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham which did extremely well at the box office, becoming the second-highest grossing film of 2001.[1]<br /><br />He had a bad year in 2002 when all three of his releases - Mujhse Dosti Karoge!, Na Tum Jaano Na Hum, Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage - failed to make an impact the box office and were declared flops.[2]<br /><br />In 2003, his career was back on track with Koi Mil Gaya, which Hrithik's father Rakesh directed. It was the highest grosser of the year. It won many Filmfare Awards, including another Filmfare Best Actor Award for Hrithik.[3]<br /><br />He only had only one release in 2004, Lakshya, directed by Farhan Akhtar. Lakshya did not do as well at the box office as expected[4] but critics called it his most impressive performance so far.[5]<br /><br />Hrithik took a two-year break from acting before resurfacing with the superhero film Krrish[6] which released in June 2006. Krrish has been a major box office success.[7]<br /><br />His most recent release is Dhoom 2, a sequel to the 2004 hit Dhoom, in which he played a negative role (a villain) for the first time. The film released on November 24, 2006 and is the biggest raw grosser in Bollywood history.[8]<br /><br />His forthcoming films are Jodha-Akbar , Kismat Talkies And Delhi 6 which are scheduled to release in 2007.<br /><br />[edit] Personal life<br /><br />Hrithik Roshan was born in Mumbai, India, to Pinky and actor/director Rakesh Roshan. He is the nephew of well-known music director Rajesh Roshan.<br /><br />Roshan is married to Sussanne Khan (who is now Sussanne Roshan), his high-school sweetheart. Sussanne is the daughter of actor/director Sanjay Khan and sister of actor Zayed Khan. Film clans (see List of Bollywood film clans) tend to intermarry.<br /><br />Hrithik Roshan and Suzanne Khan/Roshan had their first child, a baby boy, on March 28, 2006, at 3:08pm at Lilavati Hospital in Mumbai, India. The child was named Hrehaan.[9]<br /><br />[edit] Controversy<br /><br />In 2000, Hrithik Roshan caused outrage in Nepal, after allegedly bad mouthing the country of Nepal and its people in an interview. [citation needed]<br /><br />Hrithik courted controversy when, at the London press conference for his 2006 film Krrish, he said that he knew it was time to leave Shanghai and Hong Kong after six weeks of stunt training and go home when his eyes started "turning into little slits like the Chinese".[10]<br /><br />[edit] Trivia<br /><br /> * Hrithik has a vestigial Thumb on his right hand.[11]<br /> * His film Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai entered the Limca Book of Records in 2003 for the most number of Awards won by a Bollywood Film - 102 awards.[12]<br /><br />[edit] Awards<br /><br />[edit] Film Awards<br /><br /> * 2000: Filmfare Best Male Newcomer Award for Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai<br /> * 2000: Filmfare Best Actor Award for Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai<br /> * 2000: IIFA Best Actor Award for Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai<br /> * 2000: Zee Cine Best Male Newcomer Award for Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai<br /> * 2000: Zee Cine Best Actor Award for Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai<br /> * 2000: Sansui Awards: Best Male Newcomer for Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai<br /> * 2000: Star Screen Best Male Newcomer Award for Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai<br /> * 2000: Star Screen Best Actor Award for Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai<br /> * 2000: Aashirwaad Awards: Best Actor for Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai<br /> * 2000: BFJA Awards: Best Actor Critics for Fiza<br /> * 2000: Citizens Awards: Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema<br /> * 2000: Filmgoers Awards: Best Actor for Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai<br /> * 2000: Filmgoers Awards: Best Male Newcomer for Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai<br /> * 2000: Filmgoers Awards: Best Actor Critics for Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai<br /> * 2000: Kalashree Awards: Best Actor for Kaho Naa Pyaar Hai<br /><br /> * 2001: Zee Gold Awards: Best Supporting Actor for Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham<br /><br /> * 2003: Anandlok Awards: Best Male Actor for Koi Mil Gaya<br /> * 2003: Apsara Awards: Best Male Actor for Koi Mil Gaya<br /> * 2003: Asian Guild Awards: Best Actor for Koi Mil Gaya<br /> * 2003: Chhoton Ka Funda Awards: Kamaal Da Actor Award for Koi Mil Gaya<br /> * 2003: FICCI Hall Of Fame Awards: Best Actor Award for Koi Mil Gaya<br /> * 2003: Pogo Awards: Best Actor for Koi Mil Gaya<br /> * 2003: Filmfare Best Actor Award for Koi Mil Gaya<br /> * 2003: Filmfare Best Actor Critics Award for Koi Mil Gaya<br /> * 2003: IIFA Best Actor Award for Koi Mil Gaya<br /> * 2003: Zee Cine Best Actor Award for Koi Mil Gaya<br /> * 2003: Sansui Awards: Best Actor for Koi Mil Gaya<br /> * 2003: Star Screen Best Actor Award for Koi Mil Gaya<br /><br /> * 2004: Stardust Best Actor Award for Lakshya[13]<br /><br /> * 2006: Global Indian Film Best Actor Award for Krrish[14]<br /> * 2006: Star Screen Best Actor Award for Krrish[15]<br /> * 2006: Anandlok Awards: Best Male Actor for Krrish [16]<br /> * 2006: Pogo Awards: Most Amazing Actor for Krrish<br /> * 2006: Radio Sargam Bollywood Awards: Best Actor for Krrish[17]<br /> * 2006: Radio Sargam Bollywood Awards: Best Actor In A Negative Role for Dhoom 2 [18]<br /><br />[edit] Other Awards<br /><br /> * 2001: Bollywood Fashion Awards; Celebrity Style Male<br /> * 2003: Awadh Awards: Outstanding Contribution to Indian Cinema<br /> * 2003: Chhoton Ka Funda Awards: Chhoton Ka Funda Dhishum Dhishum Doley Sholay Award; For swashbuckling muscle and action display for Koi Mil Gaya<br /> * 2003: Chhoton Ka Funda Awards: Chhoton Ka Funda Boogie Woogie Award; for dance performance in It's Magic for Koi Mil Gaya<br /> * 2003: Pogo Awards; Amazing Dancer<br /> * 2003: Rajiv Gandhi Young Achiever Award<br /> * 2004: Bollywood Fashion Awards; Celebrity Style Male<br /> * 2005: IIFA Awards; Samsung Style Icon<br /> * 2006: Idea Zee F Awards: Youth Style Icon in Films. [19]<br /> * 2007: Filmy's Person of the Year 2006[20]<br /><br />[edit] Filmography<br />Year Film Role Other not<br />2007 Delhi 6 Rohit Announced<br />2007 Kismat Talkies Starts shooting in March 2007 [1]<br />2007 Jodhaa Akbar Akbar Filming<br />2006 I See You Pedestrian in Subah Subah song Special Appearance<br />2006 Dhoom 2 Aryan / Mr. A/Funny guy Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award. [2] Dubbed in Tamil and Telugu with the same title.<br />2006 Krrish Krishna Mehra aka Krrish/Rohit Mehra Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award. [3] Dubbed in Tamil and Telugu with the same title.<br />2004 Lakshya Karan Shergill Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award<br />2003 Koi... Mil Gaya Rohit Mehra Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award & Winner, Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance<br />2003 Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon Prem Kishen Mathur <br />2002 Mujhse Dosti Karoge! Raj <br />2002 Na Tum Jaano Na Hum Rahul Sharma <br />2002 Aap Mujhe Achche Lagne Lage Rohit <br />2001 Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham Rohan Raichand Nominated, Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award<br />2001 Yaadein Ronit Malhotra <br />2000 Mission Kashmir Altaf Khan <br />2000 Fiza Amaan Ikramullah Nominated, Filmfare Best Actor Award<br />2000 Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai Rohit/Raj Chopra Winner, Filmfare Best Actor Award & Winner, Filmfare Best Debut Award<br />1986 Bhagwan Dada Govinda (Child artist) <br />1980 Aap Ke Deewane Child Artist <br />1980 Aasha Child ArtistUnknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7017443809156893070.post-80197254312365467802007-02-24T06:06:00.000-08:002007-02-24T06:07:06.501-08:00ludacris* Ludacris released his major label debut, Back for the First Time, in November 2000. This album was actually a re-release of the album Incognegro. The album reached as high as #4 on the charts, and was a major success. Ludacris made his mark on the industry with singles such as "Southern Hospitality" and "What's Your Fantasy," along with his first ever single "Phat Rabbit", from 2 years prior. Back for the First Time was the beginning of Ludacris's explosion to the top of the rap world.<br /><br />[edit] Back for the First Time<br /><br />[edit] Word of Mouf<br /><br />Ludacris promptly completed his next album, Word of Mouf and released it at the end of 2001. The video for the lead single, "Rollout (My Business)" was nominated for a 2002 VMA, and Ludacris performed it live at the awards' pre-show.<br /><br />[edit] Chicken-N-Beer<br /><br />During the spring of 2003, Ludacris returned to the music scene after a brief hiatus with a new single, "Act A Fool" from the 2 Fast 2 Furious soundtrack. At around the same time, he released the lead single from his upcoming album, Chicken-N-Beer, called "P-Poppin" (short for "Pussy Poppin'"). Neither of his new singles were as well-received by either the urban or pop audiences as his previous songs had been, and both music videos received only limited airplay. Chicken-N-Beer opened strongly, but without a popular single, the album fell quickly. However, in the fall of 2003, Ludacris rebounded with his next single, "Stand Up", which appeared on both Chicken-N-Beer as well as the soundtrack for the teen hip-hop/dance movie, Honey. Produced by Kanye West, "Stand Up" went on to become Ludacris' biggest mainstream hit to date, hitting the top spot on the Billboard Hot 100 and garnering heavy airplay on mainstream pop, rhythmic, and urban radio stations, as well as on MTV, MTV2, and BET. The album's next single, "Splash Waterfalls", was released in early 2004. Though not a pop hit, it became a success at urban radio and BET. It was Ludacris' most sexual video yet and an R&B remix that featured Raphael Saadiq and sampled Tony! Toni! Tone!'s "Whatever You Want". Ludacris also received his first Grammy Award with Usher and Lil Jon for their hit single "Yeah". Ludacris next released "Blow It Out", a gritty song with an urban, low-budget music video. It was a departure from the colorful, sensual, R&B leanings of "Splash Waterfalls". "Blow It Out" acted both as a response to the criticism levied by Bill O'Reilly and an attack on Pepsi's role in the affair:<br /><br /> Shout out to Bill O'Reilly, I'm'a throw you a curve<br /> You mad cause I'm a thief and got away with words<br /> I'm'a start my own beverage, it'll calm your nerves<br /> Pepsi's the New Generation?—Blow it out cha ass!<br /><br />On June 1, 2006, a federal jury found that "Stand Up" did not infringe on the copyright of a song called "Straight Like That" by a New Jersey group known as I.O.F. "I hope the plaintiffs enjoyed their 15 minutes of fame," Ludacris said after the verdict. "This whole experience is proof to me of why I will always fight for what I believe in."<br /><br />[edit] The Red Light District<br /><br />The fourth studio album from Ludacris. Although not entirely different from the usual antics of the previous albums, Ludacris had taken a more mature approach to his album. Ludacris openly boasted that he may be the only rapper able to keep the Def Jam label afloat on the opening track. Ludacris filmed and recorded the single "Get Back" in which he was featured as a muscle-bound hulk who was being annoyed by the media and warned critics to leave him alone. He was featured on Saturday Night Live playing the song Get Back with Sum 41. The follow-up single was the Austin Powers-inspired "The Number One Spot". It was produced by New York City's Hot 97 personality DJ Green Lantern. It used the Quincy Jones sample of "Soul Bossa Nova" and sped it up to the tempo of Ludacris' rap flow. Ludacris also filmed the video in which he pokes fun at O'Reilly's problems with Andrea Mackris (Hi Mr. O'Reilly / Hope all is well kiss the plaintiff and the wifey). Production credits come also from veteran producers Timbaland, Lil' Jon, The Medicine Men Chris Bridges (from Japan) and legendary rapper Doug E. Fresh. Featured artists on the album include Nas, DJ Quik, DMX, Trick Daddy, and Disturbing tha Peace newcomers Bobby Valentino (of Mista fame) and Dolla Boi and Small World. The album debuted at number one on the Billboard charts. And most recently the rapper had used his opportunity to start his own foundation. The Ludacris Foundation, started by Ludacris and Chaka Zulu, is an organization that helps young middle and high school students motivate themselves in creative arts. Ludacris also has a daughter by the name of Karma. Ludacris had also participated at the Super Bowl and is the spokesman for the Boost Mobile ad-campaign.<br /><br />[edit] Release Therapy<br /><br />In a recent issue of XXL, a hip-hop based magazine, Ludacris was placed in the number nine spot for the most anticipated albums of 2006, for Release Therapy. The album Release Therapy was released on September 26, 2006. Ludacris formatted the CD to have two sides: a Release side and a Therapy side. With the Release side having songs that allow him to get everything off his chest and the Therapy side being just feel-good music. The first single, "Money Maker", which features Pharrell, was released to U.S. radio outlets on July 17. [2] "Money Maker" reached number one on the BET 106 & Park Countdown for the first time on September 15, 2006 and later in the US. The album recently reached number 1 on the Billboard 200 album charts with sales of more than 300,000 in its first week. This album was also awarded Rap Album of the year during the 2007 Grammy Awards. With the release of this album, Ludacris marked a change in style in his career with his musical style. A change of hair accompanied this as he cut off his trademark braids for a more conventional "fade" cut. This was done to project a new image for the album.<br /><br />To promote the album, Ludacris hosted and performed on Saturday Night Live on November 18.<br /><br />[edit] Acting career<br />Ludacris (bottom center) appeared in and contributed to the soundtrack for the movie 2 Fast 2 Furious<br />Ludacris (bottom center) appeared in and contributed to the soundtrack for the movie 2 Fast 2 Furious<br /><br />Ludacris has been acting in film since The Wash in 2001, but his big break came in 2005, where he received critical praise for his roles in the Oscar-winning films Hustle & Flow and Crash. Crash includes an ironic sequence where Ludacris's character is dismissive of hip-hop music. Interestingly, in both films, he is physically beaten by characters played by Terrence Howard. He is occasionally credited as "Chris 'Ludacris' Bridges".<br /><br />On January 29, 2006 he was awarded with a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Cast in a Motion Picture for his work in the film Crash. Ludacris also starred in 2 Fast 2 Furious. Ludacris narrated the 2006 Ward Serrill basketball documentary Heart of the Game.<br /><br />On March 28, 2006 he appeared in an episode of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. Ludacris portrayed Darius Randall, the nephew of Detective Odafin Tutuola, portrayed by Ice T.<br /><br />[edit] Disputes<br /><br />[edit] Bill O'Reilly<br /><br />Furthering the Pepsi controversy, in response to the signing of the Osbourne family, popular hip-hop music mogul Russell Simmons organized a boycott against the company. Simmons demanded an apology from Pepsi to Ludacris and a 5 million dollar donation to one of Ludacris' charities. Eventually Simmons and Pepsi settled on an agreement to stop the boycott, right before it was to officially begin. While Pepsi did not formally apologize to Ludacris, they did agree to donate millions of dollars over several years to Russell Simmons Hip-Hop Summit Action Network.<br /><br />Ludacris' song "Blow It Out" (from the Chicken & Beer album) acted as a scathing response to his critics, namely Bill O'Reilly.[3]<br /><br />In another song, "Hoes in My Room", he tells a story about anonymous prostitutes being left in his room, and at the end of the last verse says:<br /><br />"Then it got to my head and Somethin' remind me<br /><br />I know who let 'em in, it was Bill O'Reilly."<br /><br />Then, in 2004, in "Number 1 Spot"<br /><br />"Respected highly, Hi Mr. O'Reilly.<br /><br />Hope all is well, kiss the plaintiff and the wifey."<br /><br />When Ludacris hosted Saturday Night Live in 2006, a sketch involved O'Reilly telling a Def Jam executive that he will boycott Def Jam if Ludacris isn't fired. O'Reilly, played by Darrell Hammond, says that although his boycotts have had the opposite effect of his intention, Def Jam's sales will decrease dramatically.<br /><br />Upon winning the Grammy for Best Rap Album on February 11, 2007, Ludacris included in his thank-yous a "special shout-out to Bill O'Reilly."<br /><br />The following day Bill O'Reilly responded on his show wih a less than enthusiastic response. He soon began criticizing Ludacris' Grammy win. O'Reilly did not appreciate his lyrics.<br /><br />[edit] Oprah Winfrey<br /><br />In a 2006 interview with GQ magazine, Ludacris criticized Oprah Winfrey about his appearance on her show with the cast of the film Crash. [4] During the interview, the conversation veered from the movie and Winfrey chose to speak on Ludacris' lyrical content, which he felt was unfair as he was visiting her show in the capacity of an actor and not a rapper. Also, Ludacris was upset that some of his responses were later edited from the show's airing. He was later joined by other rappers such as 50 Cent, Ice Cube and Killer Mike who argued that Winfrey had an anti-hip hop bias.<br /><br />Winfrey responded by saying that she's opposed to rap lyrics that "marginalize women," but enjoys some artists, including Jay-Z and Kanye West, who appeared on her show. She said she spoke with Ludacris backstage after his appearance to explain her position and said she understood that his music was for entertainment purposes, but that some of his listeners might take it literally. Ludacris later said the media had blown his comments out of proportion and said he respects Winfrey and considers her "a great individual."[5] At the 2007 Grammy awards Ludacris gave a special shout-out to Oprah Winfrey.<br /><br />[edit] T.I.<br /><br />In 2004, before the release of his debut album Straight Outta Ca$hville, Nashville native and G-Unit member Young Buck would enlist the services of fellow Atlanta emcee T.I., also known as T.I.P. in his native Bankhead neighborhood of west side Atlanta. They would create a track entitled "Stomp" amid growing tension between Buck's good friend Ludacris and T.I. On the track, T.I. takes subliminal shots at Ludacris including the line "me gettin' beat down, that's ludicrous." Buck, immediately sensing the tension, decided before releasing the track to notify Ludacris that T.I. had mentioned him since he didn't want to position himself as encouraging T.I.'s actions. Ludacris heard the track and asked Buck if he could add his own verse; to which Buck agreed. The results end up being costly for T.I., as he is berated throughout Ludacris' verse and called out by name in his last line. Representatives from T.I. notified Buck that T.I.'s vocals would not be cleared for the album unless T.I. is allowed to change his verse, and also have Ludacris change his. Buck refused this offer and T.I. prohibited his vocals from being used. Buck had Hypeman and fellow rapper D-Tay replace T.I. on the song; D-Tay himself was eventually replaced by Compton rapper The Game on the official release.<br /><br />Although T.I. was removed, the street cut featuring him and Ludacris had already been leaked to DJs in Atlanta and New York City. T.I. was unable to stop the track's distribution throughout the streets of the nation at this point. It is widely accepted that T.I. "lost" this battle with Ludacris easily being the victor. The beef between Ludacris and T.I. was then put to an end behind closed doors as T.I. said that the problems between them have ceased.<br /><br />In 2006 however, T.I. would release his highly anticipated fourth solo album entitled KING. In his Just Blaze produced track titled "I'm Talkin To You," T.I. lyrically attacks one or more unknown targets who have widely been speculated to be either Ludacris, New Orleans rapper Lil Wayne, or Houston rapper Lil' Flip (whom T.I. also had beef with but has since ended their animosity behind closed doors) or a combination of all three. It is still unknown whether or not T.I. was in fact battling Ludacris again or anyone else for that matter at all. A closer listen to the song, however proves that T.I. isn't dissing Ludacris. In one of T.I.s lines he quotes "had it out with 'Cris, but he still my nigga...sat down civilized talked about it like niggas", alluding to the sit down that he and Ludacris had to end their dispute. As a matter of fact during the taping of MTV's My Block 'Atlanta', T.I. and Ludacris are shown greeting each other respectfully.<br /><br />[edit] Others<br /><br />In July of 2006, a track entitled "War with God" would see Ludacris return after some time off in movies. In the track, Ludacris goes on the offensive against an unknown rapper who has sold drugs, and makes repeated references to shooting guns in his songs, isn't as rich as he (Ludacris) and likes to give himself titles - all very well known characteristics and facts directly relating to T.I and Young Jeezy (or countless other less popular rappers) or the new coming rappers Yung Joc and Young Dro. In this instance it also unknown whether or not Ludacris is indeed aiming his disses at Young Jeezy, T.I. or if the track is even a song recorded recently. Ludacris recently stated that the song was deeper than just a diss, and the song is more about him than anyone else, it's showing that he isn't just the 'cartoon entertainer' type rapper that he has always been portrayed as, when asked about who specific rhymes were aimed at he said "The guilty will speak". The track was confirmed as a selection from Ludacris' album Release Therapy. The song is not aimed at Young Jeezy as he features on the latest album. Nor is the song aimed at Chingy as Ludacris mentions on BET's Rap City. "War with God" uses a beat written by Don Cheegro and Dirty Harry. He states his relationship with Chingy in his song "Tell It Like it Is".<br /><br />"What's worse than havin' no money is havin' it and losin' it<br /><br />What's worse than havin' some money is grabbin' and abusin' it<br /><br />We never took no money from Chingy, thought I was cool wit him<br /><br />I wish his ass well, but I don't want nothin' to do with him"<br /><br />[edit] Personal life<br /><br />Ludacris has a daughter named Karma with his longtime girlfriend Kiante. According to comments made at the 2007 Grammy Awards ceremony, his father has been very ill recently; this has led to a string of concert postponements. [1]<br /><br />[edit] Discography<br /><br />[edit] Solo albums<br />Album cover Album information<br /> Back for the First Time<br /><br /> * Released: November 4, 2000<br /> * Chart positions: #4 US<br /> * RIAA certification: 3x Platinum<br /> * U.S. Sales: 3.2 million<br /> * Worldwide Sales:<br /> * Singles: "What's Your Fantasy", "Southern Hospitality", "Ho"<br /><br /> Word of Mouf<br /><br /> * Released: December 15, 2001<br /> * Chart positions: #3 US<br /> * RIAA certification: 4x Platinum<br /> * U.S. Sales: 3.8 million<br /> * Worldwide Sales:<br /> * Singles: "Rollout (My Business)", "Area Codes ", "Saturday (Oooh Oooh!)", "Move Bitch", "Welcome to Atlanta"<br /><br /> Chicken-N-Beer<br /><br /> * Released: October 25, 2003<br /> * Chart positions: #1 US<br /> * RIAA certification: 3x Platinum<br /> * U.S. Sales: 2.8 million<br /> * Worldwide Sales:<br /> * Singles: "Stand Up", "Splash Waterfalls", "Blow It Out", "Diamond In The Back"<br /><br /> The Red Light District<br /><br /> * Released: December 7, 2004<br /> * Chart positions: #1 US<br /> * RIAA certification: 2x Platinum<br /> * U.S. Sales: 2.1 million<br /> * Worldwide Sales:<br /> * Singles: "Get Back", "Number One Spot", "Pimpin' All Over the World"<br /><br /> Release Therapy<br /><br /> * Released: September 26, 2006<br /> * Chart positions: #1 US<br /> * RIAA certification: 2x Platinum<br /> * U.S. Sales: 2 million<br /> * Worldwide Sales:<br /> * Singles: "Money Maker", "Grew Up a Screw Up", "Runaway Love", "Girls Gone Wild"<br /><br /> Theater of the Mind<br /><br /> * Released: 2007/2008<br /> * Chart positions: TBA<br /> * RIAA certification: Platinum<br /> * Singles: TBA<br /><br />[edit] Disturbing tha Peace albums<br />Album cover Album information<br /> Golden Grain<br /><br /> * Released: September 10, 2002<br /> * Chart positions: #89 US<br /> * RIAA description:<br /> * Singles: "Growing Pains (Do It Again) Remix"<br /><br /> Ludacris Presents: Disturbing tha Peace<br /><br /> * Released: December 13, 2005<br /> * Chart positions: #11 US<br /> * RIAA certification Gold<br /><br />Singles: "Sweet Revenge", "Gettin' Some", "DTP For Life", "2 Miles An Hour Remix"<br /><br />[edit] Singles<br />Year Song U.S. Hot 100 U.S. R&B U.S. Rap UK singles Album<br />2000 "What's Your Fantasy" (featuring Shawnna) 21 10 12 19 Back for the First Time<br />2000 "Southern Hospitality" 23 6 5 - Back For The First Time<br />2001 "Area Codes" (featuring Nate Dogg) 24 10 7 25 Word of Mouf / Rush Hour 2<br />2001 "Rollout (My Business)" 17 7 20 20 Word of Mouf<br />2002 "Saturday (Oooh! Oooh!)" (featuring Sleepy Brown) 22 10 10 31 Word of Mouf<br />2002 "Move Bitch!" (featuring Mysikal & I-20) 10 3 3 - Word of Mouf<br />2002 "Welcome to Atlanta" (with Jermaine Dupri) 35 15 - - Word of Mouf<br />2003 "Act a Fool" 32 20 10 - 2 Fast 2 Furious soundtrack<br />2003 "Stand Up" (featuring Shawnna) 1 1 1 14 Chicken-N-Beer<br />2004 "Splash Waterfalls" (featuring Sandy Coffee) 6 2 3 - Chicken-N-Beer<br />2004 "Diamond in the Back" 94 51 - - Chicken-N-Beer<br />2004 "Blow It Out" 79 65 45 - Chicken-N-Beer<br />2004 "Get Back" 13 9 5 30 The Red Light District<br />2005 "Number One Spot" 19 8 6 30 The Red Light District<br />2005 "The Potion" - 65 - - The Red Light District<br />2005 "Pimpin' All Over the World" (featuring Bobby Valentino) 9 5 2 - The Red Light District<br />2006 "Money Maker" (featuring Pharrell) 1 1 1 - Release Therapy<br />2006 "Grew Up a Screw Up" (featuring Young Jeezy) - - - - Release Therapy<br />2006 "Runaway Love" (featuring Mary J. Blige) 2 3 1 52 Release Therapy<br />2007 "Girls Gone Wild" - - - 52 Release Therapy<br /><br />Notes:<br /><br />1 "Get Back" and "Number One Spot" were released as a double A-side single in the UK as were "Runaway Love" and "Girls Gone Wild".<br /><br />[edit] Featured singles<br />Year Song U.S. Hot 100 U.S. R&B U.S. Rap UK singles Album<br />2001 "One Minute Man" Missy Elliott (featuring Ludacris) 15 8 - 10 Miss E ...So Addictive<br />2001 "Loverboy" Mariah Carey (featuring Da Brat, Shawnna, & Ludacris) 2 1 - 12 Glitter<br />2001 "Fatty Girl" (with LL Cool J & Keith Murray) 87 32 6 - The Good Life & He's Keith Murray<br />2001 "Bia Bia" (Lil Jon featuring Ludacris, Too Short, Chyna Whyte) Put Yo Hood Up<br />2002 "Growing Pains (Remix)" (Ludacris & DTP featuring Scarface) - 81 45 - Golden Grain<br />2002 "B R Right" Trina (featuring Ludacris) 83 5 24 - Diamond Princess<br />2003 "Holidae In" Chingy (featuring Snoop Dogg & Ludacris) 3 2 2 35 Jackpot<br />2003 "Gossip Folks" Missy Elliott (featuring Ludacris) 8 5 2 9 Under Construction<br />2003 "Hot and Wet" 112 (featuring Ludacris) - - - - Hot and Wet<br />2004 "Yeah!" Usher (featuring Ludacris and Lil Jon) 1 1 1 1 Confessions<br />2005 "Break Bread" I-20 (featuring Ludacris & Bonecrusher) - - - - Self-Explanatory<br />2005 "Lovers and Friends" Lil Jon (featuring Usher & Ludacris) 3 2 - 10 Crunk Juice<br />2005 "Oh" Ciara (featuring Ludacris) 2 6 - 4 Goodies<br />2005 "Shake That Shit" Shawnna (featuring Ludacris) 63 - - - Worth Tha Weight<br />2005 "Virgo" Nas (featuring Ludacris & Doug E. Fresh) - 69 - - Street Disciple/The Red Light District<br />2006 "Unpredictable" Jamie Foxx (featuring Ludacris) 9 2 - 16 Unpredictable<br />2006 "Georgia" Field Mob (featuring Ludacris & Jamie Foxx) 39 31 21 - Light Poles and Pine Trees<br />2006 "Need a Boss" Shareefa (featuring Ludacris) 62 10 - - Point of No Return<br />2007 "Glamorous" Fergie (featuring Ludacris) 9 - - 56 The Dutchess<br /><br />[edit] Filmography<br /><br /> * 2001: The Wash<br /> * 2003: 2 Fast 2 Furious<br /> * 2003: Lil' Pimp<br /> * 2005: Crash<br /> * 2005: Hustle & Flow<br /> * 2006: The Heart of the Game (Narrator)<br /> * 2007: Ballers<br /> * 2007: Fred Claus<br /> * 2008: Luda Camp<br /> * 2009: Courtney and Me<br /><br />[edit] Grammy Awards<br /><br /> * Career Wins: 3<br /> * Career Nominations: 16<br /><br />Category Genre Album/Song Year Result<br />Best Rap Album Rap Back For the First Time 2001 Nominated<br />Best Rap/Sung Collaboration Rap "Area Codes" 2002 Nominated<br />Best Short Form Music Video Music Video "One Minute Man" (with Missy Elliott) 2002 Nominated<br />Best Male Rap Solo Performance Rap "Roll Out (My Business)" 2003 Nominated<br />Best Rap Album Rap Word of Mouf 2003 Nominated<br />Best Male Rap Solo Performance Rap "Stand Up" 2004 Nominated<br />Best Rap Performance By a Duo or Group Rap "Gossip Folks" (with Missy Elliott) 2004 Nominated<br />Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television Special Motion Picture "Act A Fool" 2004 Nominated<br />Best Rap/Song Collaboration Rap "Yeah" (with Usher) 2005 Won<br />Record of the Year General "Yeah!" (with Usher) 2005 Nominated<br />Best R&B Song R&B "Yeah!" (with Usher) 2005 Nominated<br />Best Rap Solo Performance Rap "Number 1 Spot" 2006 Nominated<br />Best Rap/Sung Collaboration Rap "Unpredictable" (with Jamie Foxx) 2007 Nominated<br />Best Rap Album Rap Release Therapy 2007 Won<br />Best Rap Song Rap "Money Maker" (with Pharrell) 2007 Won<br />Best Rap Performance By A Duo Or Group Rap "Georgia" (with Field Mob) 2007 Nominated<br /><br />[edit] Film awards and nominations<br /><br /> * BET Award<br /> o 2006, Best Actor: (Nominated)<br /><br /> * Black Movie Awards<br /> o 2005, Best Supporting Actor: Crash (Nominated)<br /><br /> * Black Reel Award<br /> o 2006, Best Supporting Actor: Crash (Nominated)<br /><br /> * Chicago Film Critics<br /> o 2006, Most Promising Newcomer: Crash (Nominated)<br /><br /> * Image Awards<br /> o 2006, Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture: Crash (Nominated)<br /><br /> * MTV Movie Awards<br /> o 2004, Best Male Breakthrough Performance: 2 Fast 2 Furious (Nominated)<br /><br /> * Screen Actors Guild<br /> o 2006, Outstanding Cast in a Motion Picture: Crash (Winner)<br /> o 2006, Outstanding Cast in a Motion Picture: Hustle & Flow (Nominated)<br /><br />[edit] Trivia<br /><br /> * Ludacris' uncle is the stepfather of R & B singer Monica. Her son is his godson.<br /> * Attended Oak Park River Forest High School for one year before attending Benjamin Banneker High School located in College Park. He later attended Georgia State University. [6]<br /> * Ludacris is an intentional misspelling of the term ludicrous.<br /> * Ludacris has a cameo appearance on Stat Quo's video "Like Dat", playing pool with Young Buck and Bun B.<br /> * Ludacris has a 5 year old daughter named Karma.<br /> * As a child, Ludacris use to be terrified by clowns until he was 13, which he had been made fun of by most of his friends.<br /> * Ludacris has a total of 3 #1 hit singles, 14 top 10 singles, and 18 top 20 singles so far in his career.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7017443809156893070.post-69065024107396792432007-02-24T06:04:00.000-08:002007-02-24T06:06:14.446-08:00paris-perfect holidayParis is the capital city of France. It is situated on the River Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region ("Region Parisienne"). Paris has an estimated population of 2,153,600 inhabitants within city limits (2005 est.)[2]. The Paris urban area has a population of 9.93 million[3]; a vast commuter belt around the same completes the Paris "aire urbaine" (roughly: "metropolitan area") that, with its population of 11.5 million[4], is one of the most populated areas of its kind in Europe.[5]<br /><br />The Paris region (Île-de-France) is France's foremost centre of economic activity. With €478.7 billion (US$595.3 billion), it produced more than a quarter of the gross domestic product (GDP) of France in 2005.[6]With La Defense, the largest purpose built business district in Europe, it hosts the head offices of almost half of the major French companies, as well as the headquarters of ten of the world's 100 largest companies[7]. Paris also hosts many international organizations such as UNESCO, the OECD, the ICC, or the informal Paris Club. It is regarded as one of the 4 major global cities[8].<br /><br />Paris' strategic location at a crossroads between land and river trade routes in lands of abundant agriculture had made it one of France's principal cities by the 10th century, rich with Royal palaces and demurs, wealthy Abbeys and a cathedral; by the 12th century Paris had become one of Europe's foremost centres of learning and the arts. Today, Paris is an influential centre in politics, fashion, business, arts and science. The city serves as an important hub of intercontinental transportation and is home to some of the most prominent universities, sport events, opera companies and museums[9][10], making it an attraction for over 30 million foreign visitors per year[11].<br />Contents<br />[hide]<br /><br /> * 1 History<br /> o 1.1 Origin of the name<br /> o 1.2 Early beginnings<br /> o 1.3 Middle ages<br /> o 1.4 Nineteenth century<br /> o 1.5 Twentieth century<br /> * 2 Geography<br /> o 2.1 Topography<br /> o 2.2 Climate<br /> * 3 Cityscape<br /> o 3.1 Urbanism and architecture<br /> o 3.2 Districts and historical centres<br /> o 3.3 Parks and gardens<br /> o 3.4 Cemeteries<br /> * 4 Culture<br /> o 4.1 Monuments and landmarks<br /> o 4.2 Museums<br /> o 4.3 Entertainment<br /> o 4.4 Cafés, restaurants and hotels<br /> o 4.5 Tourism<br /> o 4.6 Sports<br /> * 5 Economy<br /> o 5.1 Organisation<br /> o 5.2 Sectors<br /> * 6 Demography<br /> o 6.1 Density<br /> o 6.2 The Paris agglomeration<br /> o 6.3 Immigration<br /> * 7 Administration<br /> o 7.1 Capital of France<br /> o 7.2 City government<br /> o 7.3 Municipal offices<br /> o 7.4 Capital of the Île-de-France région<br /> o 7.5 Intercommunality<br /> * 8 Education<br /> o 8.1 Primary and secondary education<br /> o 8.2 Higher education<br /> o 8.3 Universities<br /> o 8.4 Grandes écoles<br /> * 9 Infrastructure<br /> o 9.1 Transport<br /> o 9.2 Water and sanitation<br /> * 10 International Relations<br /> * 11 References<br /> * 12 Bibliography<br /> * 13 See also<br /> * 14 External links<br /><br />[edit] History<br /><br /> Main articles: History of Paris and Name of Paris and its inhabitants<br /><br />[edit] Origin of the name<br /><br />Paris is pronounced "[ˈpʰæɹɪs]" in English and "[paʀi] (help·info)" in French. The city derives its name from that of its pre-Roman-era inhabitants, the Gallic Parisii tribe. The city became known as Lutetia (/lutetja/) during the first to fifth century Roman occupation, but began to adopt its present-day name towards the end of this period.<br /><br />Paris has many nicknames, but its most famous is 'The City of Light' (La Ville-lumière), a name it owes both to its fame as a centre of education and ideas and its early adoption of street-lighting. Paris since the early 20th century has also been known in parisian slang as Paname ([panam]; Moi j'suis d'Paname (help·info), i.e. "I'm from Paname"), a slang name that has been regaining favor with young people in recent years.<br /><br />Paris' inhabitants are known in English as "Parisians" ([pʰəˈɹɪzɪənz] or [pʰəˈɹiːʒn̩z]) and as Parisiens ([paʀizjɛ̃] (help·info)) in French. Parisians are often pejoratively called Parigots ([paʀigo] (help·info))by those living outside the Paris Region, but this is a term sometimes considered endearing by Parisians themselves.<br /><br /> See Wiktionary for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French.<br /><br />[edit] Early beginnings<br /><br />The earliest signs of permanent habitation in the Paris area date from around 4200 BC[12]. Known boatsmen and traders, a sub-tribe of the celtic Senones, the Parisii, settled the area near the river Seine from around 250 BC.<br />Gold coins of the Parisii, 1st century BC, (Cabinet des Médailles, Paris)<br />Gold coins of the Parisii, 1st century BC, (Cabinet des Médailles, Paris)<br /><br />The Roman westward campaigns had conquered the Paris basin in 52 BC[12]. A permanent Roman settlement began towards the end of the same century on Paris' Left Bank Sainte Geneviève Hill and Île de la Cité island, in a town first called Lutetia, but later becoming Gallicised Lutèce. The Gallo-Roman town expanded greatly over the following centuries, becoming a prosperous city with palaces, a forum, baths, temples, theatres and an amphitheatre[13].<br /><br />The collapse of the Roman empire and third-century Germanic invasions sent the city into a period of decline: by 400 AD Lutèce, largely abandoned by its inhabitants, was little more than a garrison town entrenched into its hastily fortified central island[12]. The city would reclaim its original "Paris" appellation towards the end of the Roman occupation.<br /><br />[edit] Middle ages<br />Paris in the 15th century (Castle of the Louvre).<br />Paris in the 15th century (Castle of the Louvre).<br /><br />Around AD 500, Paris was the capital of the Frankish king Clovis I, who commissioned the first cathedral and its first abbey dedicated to his contemporary, later patron saint of the city, Saint Geneviève. On the death of Clovis, the Frankish kingdom was divided, and Paris became the capital of a much smaller sovereign state. By the time of the Carolingian dynasty (9th century), Paris was little more than a feudal county stronghold. The Counts of Paris gradually rose to prominence and eventually wielded greater power than the Kings of Francia occidentalis. Odo, Count of Paris was elected king in place of the incumbent Charles the Fat, namely for the fame he gained in his defence of Paris during the Viking siege (Siege of Paris (885-886)). Although the Cité island had survived the Viking attacks, most of the unprotected Left Bank city was destroyed; rather than rebuild there, after drying marshlands to the north of the island, Paris began to expand onto the Right Bank. In 987 AD, Hugh Capet, Count of Paris, was elected King of France, founding the Capetian dynasty which would raise Paris to become France's capital.<br />Storming of the Bastille by a Parisian mob on July 14, 1789<br />Storming of the Bastille by a Parisian mob on July 14, 1789<br /><br />From 1190, King Philip Augustus enclosed Paris on both banks with a wall that had the Louvre as its western fortress and in 1200 chartered the University of Paris which brought visitors from across Europe. It was during this period that the city developed a spatial distribution of activities that can still be seen: the central island housed government and ecclesiastical institutions, the left bank became a scholastic centre with the University and colleges, while the right bank developed as the centre of commerce and trade around the central Les Halles marketplace.<br /><br />Paris lost its position as seat of the French realm while occupied by the English-ally Burgundians during the Hundred Years' War, but regained its title when Charles VII reclaimed the city in 1437; although Paris was capital once again, the Crown preferred to remain in its Loire Valley castles. During the French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic party, culminating in the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre (1572). King Henry IV re-established the royal court in Paris in 1594 after he captured the city from the Catholic party. During the Fronde, Parisians rose in rebellion and the royal family fled the city (1648). King Louis XIV then moved the royal court permanently to Versailles in 1682. A century later, Paris was the centre stage for the French Revolution, with the Storming of the Bastille in 1789 and the overthrow of the monarchy in 1792.<br /><br />[edit] Nineteenth century<br />The Trocadéro Palace built for the Exposition Universelle of 1878, demolished and replaced by the Palais de Chaillot for the Exposition Internationale of 1937<br />The Trocadéro Palace built for the Exposition Universelle of 1878, demolished and replaced by the Palais de Chaillot for the Exposition Internationale of 1937<br /><br />The Industrial Revolution, the French Second Empire, and the Belle Époque brought Paris the greatest development in its history. From the 1840s, rail transport allowed an unprecedented flow of migrants into Paris attracted by employment in the new industries in the suburbs. The city underwent a massive renovation under Napoleon III and his préfet Haussmann, who leveled entire districts of narrow-winding medieval streets to create the network of wide avenues and neo-classical façades of modern Paris.<br /><br />Cholera epidemics in 1832 and 1849 affected the population of Paris — the 1832 epidemic alone claimed 20,000 of the then population of 650,000.[14] Paris also suffered greatly from the siege ending the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), and the ensuing civil war Commune of Paris (1871) killed thousands and sent many of Paris's administrative centres (and city archives) up in flames.<br /><br />Paris recovered rapidly from these events to host the famous Universal Expositions of the late nineteenth century. The Eiffel Tower was built for the French Revolution centennial 1889 Universal Exposition, as a "temporary" display of architectural engineering prowess but remained the world's tallest building until 1930, and is the city's best-known landmark. The first line of the Paris Métro opened for the 1900 Universal Exposition and was an attraction in itself for visitors from the world over. Paris's World's Fair years also consolidated its position in the tourist industry and as an attractive setting for international technology and trade shows.<br /><br />[edit] Twentieth century<br />Nighttime view of Rue de Rivoli<br />Nighttime view of Rue de Rivoli<br /><br />During World War I, Paris was at the forefront of the war effort, having been spared a German invasion by the French and British victory at the First Battle of the Marne in 1914. In 1918-1919, it was the scene of Allied victory parades and peace negotiations. In the inter-war period Paris was famed for its cultural and artistic communities and its nightlife. The city became a melting pot of artists from around the world, from exiled Russian composer Stravinsky and Spanish painters Picasso and Dalí to American writer Hemingway. In June 1940, five weeks after the start of the German attack on France, a partially evacuated Paris fell to German occupation forces who remained until the city was liberated by the 2nd Armored Division of General Leclerc in late August 1944. Central Paris endured WW II practically unscathed, as there were no strategic targets for bombers (train stations in central Paris are terminal stations; major factories were located in the suburbs), and also because German General von Choltitz refused to carry out Hitler's order that all Parisian monuments be destroyed before any German retreat.<br />View over Paris from the Eiffel Tower<br />View over Paris from the Eiffel Tower<br /><br />In the post-war era, Paris experienced its largest development since the end of the Belle Époque in 1914. The suburbs began to expand considerably, with the construction of large social estates known as cités and the beginning of the business district La Défense. A comprehensive express subway network, the RER, was built to complement the Métro and serve the distant suburbs, while a network of freeways was developed in the suburbs, centered on the Périphérique expressway circling around the city.<br /><br />Since the 1970s, many inner suburbs of Paris (especially the eastern ones) have experienced deindustrialization, and the once-thriving cités have gradually become ghettos for immigrants and oases of unemployment. At the same time, the City of Paris (within its Périphérique ring) and the western and southern suburbs have successfully shifted their economic base from traditional manufacturing to high value-added services and high-tech manufacturing, generating great wealth for their residents whose per capita income is among the highest in Europe. The resulting widening social gap between these two areas has led to periodic unrest since the mid-1980s, such as the 2005 riots which largely concentrated in the northeastern suburbs.<br /><br />[edit] Geography<br /><br />[edit] Topography<br /><br /> Main article: Topography of Paris<br /><br />View from the top of the Eiffel tower toward North<br />View from the top of the Eiffel tower toward North<br /><br />Paris is located on a north-bending arc of the river Seine and includes two inhabited islands, the Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité which is the heart and origin of the city. Paris has several prominent hills, of which the highest is Montmartre at 130 metres (426½ ft) above sea level.<br /><br />Paris, excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, covers an oval measuring 86.928 square kilometres (33.56 mi²) in area. The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form, but created the twenty clockwise-spiralling arrondissements. From its 1860 78 km² (30.1 mi²), these limits changed marginally to 86.9 km² in the 1920's, and in 1929 the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to its present 105.397 square kilometres (40.69 mi²).<br /><br />The Paris agglomeration (urban area) extends from the city limits to an area much greater than Paris itself (app. 26 times larger) in an irregular oval with tentacles of urban growth extending along the Seine and Marne rivers from the city's south-east and east, and along the Seine and Oise rivers to the city's north-west and north. Urban density drops sharply in the surrounding land; a mix of forest and agriculture dotted with a network of relatively evenly dispersed satellite towns, this commuter belt, when combined with the Paris agglomeration, completes a Paris aire urbaine (metropolitan area) that covers an oval 14,518 km² (5,605.5 mi²)[citation needed] in area, or an area about 138 times that of Paris itself.<br /><br />[edit] Climate<br /><br />Paris has an oceanic climate and is affected by the North Atlantic Drift, so the city enjoys a temperate climate that rarely sees extremely high or low temperatures. The average yearly high temperature is about 15 °C (59 °F), and yearly lows tend to remain around an average of 7 °C (45 °F). The highest temperature ever, recorded on 28 July 1948, was 40.4 °C (104.7 °F), and the lowest was a −23.9 °C (−11.0 °F) temperature reached on 10 December 1879.[15] The Paris region has recently seen temperatures reaching both extremes, with the heat wave of 2003 and the cold wave of 2006.<br /><br />Rainfall can occur at any time of the year, and Paris is known for its sudden showers. The city sees an average yearly precipitation of 641.6 mm (25.2 inches).[15] Snowfall is a rare occurrence, usually appearing in the coldest months of January or February (but has been recorded as late as April), and almost never accumulates enough to make a covering that will last more than a day.<br />Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year<br />Avg high °C (°F) 6 (43) 7 (45) 10 (51) 14 (57) 18 (64) 21 (70) 24 (75) 24 (75) 20 (69) 15 (59) 9 (49) 7 (45) 15 (59)<br />Avg low temperature °C (°F) 1.5 (34) 1.5 (34) 3 (38) 5 (42) 9 (49) 12 (54) 14 (58) 14 (57) 11 (52) 8 (46) 4 (39) 2 (36) 7 (45)<br />Source: Weatherbase<br /><br />[edit] Cityscape<br /><br />[edit] Urbanism and architecture<br />Avenue de l'Opéra and its buildings typical of Haussmann's renovation of Paris<br />Avenue de l'Opéra and its buildings typical of Haussmann's renovation of Paris<br /><br />"Modern" Paris is the result of a vast mid-19th-century urban remodelling. For centuries it had been a labyrinth of narrow streets and half-timber houses, but beginning in 1852, the Baron Haussmann's vast urbanisation levelled entire quarters to make way for wide avenues lined with neo-classical stone buildings of bourgeoise standing; most of this 'new' Paris is the Paris we see today. These Second Empire plans are in many cases still actual, as the city of Paris imposes the then-defined "alignement" law (imposed position defining a predetermined street width) on many new constructions. A building's height was also defined according to the width of the street it lines, and Paris' building code has seen few changes since the mid-19th century to allow for higher constructions. It is for this reason that Paris is mainly a "flat" city.<br />The Grande Arche in La Defense<br />The Grande Arche in La Defense<br /><br />Paris' unchanging borders, strict building codes and lack of developable land have together contributed in creating a phenomenon called muséification (or "museumification") as, at the same time as they strive to preserve Paris' historical past, existing laws make it difficult to create within city limits the larger buildings and utilities needed for a growing population. Many of Paris' institutions and economic infrastructure are already located in, or are planning on moving to, the suburbs. The financial (La Défense) business district, the main food wholesale market (Rungis), major renowned schools (École Polytechnique, HEC, ESSEC, INSEAD, etc.), world famous research laboratories (in Saclay or Évry), the largest sport stadium (Stade de France), and some ministries (namely the Ministry of Transportation) are located outside of the city of Paris. The National Archives of France are due to relocate to the northern suburbs before 2010.<br /><br />Paris has over 2,400 km of underground passageways [16] dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes. Most of these date from the late 19th century, a result of the combined plans of the Préfet Haussmann and the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand to improve the then very unsanitary conditions in the Capital. Maintained by a round-the-clock service since their construction, only a small percentage of Paris' sewer réseau has needed complete renovation. The entire Paris network of sewers and collectors has been managed since the late 20th century by a computerised network system, known under the acronym "G.A.AS.PAR", that controls all of Paris' water distribution.<br /><br />[edit] Districts and historical centres<br />View from the Montparnasse Tower (Tour Montparnasse) towards the Eiffel Tower. On the right Napoleon's tomb lies under the golden dome at Les Invalides. The towers of the office and entertainment centre La Défense are on the horizon.<br />View from the Montparnasse Tower (Tour Montparnasse) towards the Eiffel Tower. On the right Napoleon's tomb lies under the golden dome at Les Invalides. The towers of the office and entertainment centre La Défense are on the horizon.<br />The Eiffel Tower and the River Seine.<br />The Eiffel Tower and the River Seine.<br />The busy Rue de Buci in Saint-Germain-des-Prés.<br />The busy Rue de Buci in Saint-Germain-des-Prés.<br /><br /> Main article: Paris districts<br /><br />These are a few of Paris' major districts.<br /><br /> * Champs-Élysées (8th arrondissement, right bank) is a seventeenth century garden-promenade turned avenue connecting the Concorde and Arc de Triomphe. It is one of the many tourist attractions and a major shopping street of Paris. This avenue has been called "la plus belle avenue du monde" ("the most beautiful avenue in the world").<br /> * Avenue Montaigne (8th arrondissement), next to the Champs-Élysées, is home to luxury brand labels such as Chanel, Louis Vuitton (LVMH), Dior and Givenchy.<br /> * Place de la Concorde (8th arrondissement, right bank) is at the foot of the Champs-Élysées, built as the "Place Louis XV", site of the infamous guillotine. The Egyptian obelisk is Paris's "oldest monument". On this place, on the two side of the Rue Royale live two identical stone buildings: the eastern houses the French Naval Ministry, the western the luxurious Hôtel de Crillon. Nearby Place Vendome is famous for its fashionable and deluxe hotels (Hotel Ritz and Hôtel de Vendôme) and its jewellers. Many famous fashion designers have had their salons in the square.<br /> * Faubourg Saint-Honoré (8th arrondissement, right bank) is one of Paris' high-fashion districts, home to labels such as Hermès and Christian Lacroix.<br /> * L'Opéra (9th arrondissement, right bank) is the area around the Opéra Garnier is a home to the capital's densest concentration of both department stores and offices. A few examples are the Printemps and Galeries Lafayette grands magasins (department stores), and the Paris headquarters of financial giants such as Crédit Lyonnais and American Express.<br /> * Montmartre (18th arrondissement, right bank) is a historic area on the Butte, home to the Basilica of the Sacré Coeur. Montmartre has always had a history with artists and has many studios and cafés of many great artists in that area.<br /> * Les Halles (1st arrondissement, right bank) was formerly Paris' central meat and produce market, since the late 1970s a major shopping center around an important metro connection station (the biggest in Europe). The past Les Halles was destroyed in 1971 and replaced by the Forum des Halles. The central market of Paris, the biggest wholesale food market in the world, was transferred to Rungis, in the southern suburbs.<br /> * Le Marais (3rd and 4th arrondissements) is a trendy Right Bank district. With large gay and Jewish populations it is a very culturally open place.<br /> * Place de la Bastille (4th, 11th and 12th arrondissements, right bank) being one of the most historic districts, being a location of an essential event of not only Paris, but the whole country of France. Because of its historical value the square is often used for political demonstrations, including the massive anti-CPE demonstration of March 28, 2006.<br /> * Quartier Latin (5th and 6th arrondissements, left bank) is a twelfth century scholastic centre formerly stretching between the Left Bank's Place Maubert and the Sorbonne campus. It is known for its lively atmosphere and many bistros. With various higher education establishments, such as the École Normale Supérieure, the École des Mines and the Jussieu university campus make it a major educational center in Paris, which also contributes to its atmosphere.<br /> * Montparnasse (14th arrondissement) is a historic Left Bank area famous for artists studios, music halls, and café life. The large Montparnasse - Bienvenüe métro station and the lone Tour Montparnasse skyscraper are located there.<br /> * La Défense (straddling the communes of Courbevoie, Puteaux, and Nanterre, 2.5 km/1.5 miles west of the City of Paris) is a key suburb of Paris and is one of the largest business centres in the world. Built at the western end of a westward extension of Paris' historical axis from the Champs-Élysées, La Défense consists mainly of business highrises. Initiated by the French government in 1958, the district hosts 3.5 million m² of offices, making of it the largest district in Europe specifically developed for business. The Grande Arche (Great Arch) of la Defense, which houses a part of the French Transports Minister's headquarters, ends the central Esplanade around which the district is organized.<br /><br />[edit] Parks and gardens<br />Jardins du Palais Royal<br />Jardins du Palais Royal<br /><br /> Main article: List of parks and gardens in Paris<br /><br />Two of Paris's oldest and famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden, created from the 16th century for a palace on the banks of the Seine near the Louvre, and the Left bank Luxembourg Garden, another formerly private garden belonging to a château built for the Marie de' Medici in 1612. The Jardin des Plantes, created by Louis XIII's doctor Guy de La Brosse for the cultivation of medicinal plants, was Paris' first public garden.<br /><br />A few of Paris' other large gardens are Second Empire creations: the formerly suburban parks of Montsouris, Buttes Chaumont and Parc Monceau (formerly known as the "folie de Chartres"), were creations of Napoleon III's engineer Jean-Charles Alphand and the landscape . You will often see Pariseans having picnics at the parks, soaking up the warm sunshine, or simply enjoying the nature. They are peaceful escapes from the city and are enjoyed by all ages. Another project executed under the orders of Baron Haussmann<br />Parc Monceau<br />Parc Monceau<br /><br />architect Barillet-Deschamps was the re-sculpting of Paris' western Bois de Boulogne forest-parklands; the Bois de Vincennes, to Paris' opposite eastern end, received a similar treatment in years following.<br /><br />Newer additions to Paris' park landscape are the Parc de la Villette, built by the architect Bernard Tschumi on the location of Paris' former slaughterhouses, and gardens being lain to Paris' periphery along the traces of its former circular "Petite Ceinture" railway line.<br /><br />[edit] Cemeteries<br />Cemetery of Père Lachaise<br />Cemetery of Père Lachaise<br /><br />Paris' cemeteries were on its outskirts upon their 1804 creation. Many of Paris' churches had their own cemeteries, but, by the late 18th century, they were making living conditions unpleasant for nearby housing. Abolished from 1786, all parish cemeteries contents were taken to abandoned limestone mines outside the southern gates of then Paris, today the 14e arrondissement's place Denfert-Rochereau. The latter are known today as the Paris Catacombes.<br /><br />Although Paris today has once again grown to surround all its former cemeteries, these have become much-appreciated oases of quiet in a thriving city. Many of Paris's historical figures have found rest in Père Lachaise Cemetery. Other notable cemeteries include Cimetière de Montmartre, Cimetière du Montparnasse, Cimetière de Passy and the Catacombs of Paris.<br /><br />New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century: the largest of these are the Cimetière Parisien de Saint-Ouen, the Cimetière Parisien de Bobigny-Pantin, the Cimetière Parisien d'Ivry and the Cimetière Parisien de Bagneux.<br /><br />[edit] Culture<br /><br />[edit] Monuments and landmarks<br />Height comparison of some Paris landmarks<br />Height comparison of some Paris landmarks<br />The Arc de Triomphe by day<br />The Arc de Triomphe by day<br /><br /> Main article: Paris landmarks<br /><br />Three of the most famous Parisian landmarks are the twelfth century cathedral Notre Dame de Paris on the Île de la Cité, the nineteenth century Eiffel Tower, and the Napoleonic Arc de Triomphe. The Eiffel Tower was a "temporary" construction by Gustave Eiffel for the 1889 Universal Exposition but the tower was never dismantled and is now an enduring symbol of Paris. It is visible from many parts of the city as are the Tour Montparnasse skyscraper and the Basilica of the Sacré Cœur on the Montmartre hill.<br /><br />The Historical axis is a line of monuments, buildings and thoroughfares that run in a roughly straight line from the city centre westwards: the line of monuments begins with the Louvre and continues through the Tuileries Gardens, the Champs-Elysées and the Arc de Triomphe centred in the Place de l'Étoile circus. From the 1960s the line was prolonged even further west to the La Défense business district dominated by square-shaped triumphal Grande Arche of its own; this district hosts most of the tallest skyscrapers in the Paris urban area.<br />Basilica of the Sacré Cœur<br />Basilica of the Sacré Cœur<br /><br />The Invalides museum is the burial place for many great French soldiers, including Napoleon, and the Panthéon church is where many of France's illustrious men and women are buried. The former Conciergerie prison held some prominent ancien régime members before their deaths during the French Revolution. Another symbol of the Revolution are the two Statues of Liberty located on the Île des Cygnes on the Seine and in the Luxembourg Garden. A larger version of the statues was sent as a gift from France to the United States in 1886 and now stands in New York City harbour.<br /><br />The Palais Garnier built in the later Second Empire period, houses the Paris Opera and the Paris Opera Ballet, while the former palace of the Louvre now houses one of the most famous museums in the world. The Sorbonne is the most famous part of the University of Paris and is based in the centre of the Latin Quarter. Apart from Notre Dame de Paris, there are several other ecclesiastical masterpieces including the Gothic thirteenth century Sainte-Chapelle palace chapel and the Église de la Madeleine.<br />The Mona Lisa, one of the Louvre's most famous treasures.<br />The Mona Lisa, one of the Louvre's most famous treasures.<br /><br />[edit] Museums<br /><br /> Main article: List of museums in Paris<br /><br />The Louvre is one of the largest and most famous museums, housing many works of art, including the Mona Lisa (La Joconde) and the Venus de Milo statue. Works by Pablo Picasso and Rodin are found in Musée Picasso and Musée Rodin respectively, while the artistic community of Montparnasse is chronicled at the Musée du Montparnasse. Starkly apparent with its service-pipe exterior, the Centre Georges Pompidou, also known as Beaubourg, houses the Musée National d'Art Moderne. Lastly, art and artifacts from the Middle Ages and Impressionist eras are kept in Musée Cluny and Musée d'Orsay respectively, the former with the prized tapestry cycle The Lady and the Unicorn.<br /><br />[edit] Entertainment<br /><br />Opera<br />Paris' largest Opera houses are the 19th-century Opéra Garnier and modern Opera Bastille; the former tends towards the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a mixed repertoire of classic and modern.<br /><br />Theatre/Concert halls<br />Theatre traditionally has had a large place in Parisian culture. This still holds true today, although, perhaps strangely, many of its most popular actors today are also stars of French television. A few of Paris' major theatres are Bobino, Théâtre Mogador and the Théâtre de la Gaîté-Montparnasse. Some Parisian theatres also doubled as concert halls.<br /><br />Many of France's greatest musical legends such as Édith Piaf, Maurice Chevalier, Georges Brassens and Charles Aznavour found their fame in Paris concert halls: legendary yet still-showing examples of these are Bobino, l'Olympia, la Cigale and le Splendid.<br /><br />The below-mentioned Élysées-Montmartre, much reduced from its original size, is a concert hall today. The New Morning is one of few Parisian clubs still holding jazz concerts, but the same also specialises in 'Indy' music. More recently, the Zenith hall in Paris' La Villette quarter and a "parc-omnisports" stadium in Bercy serve as large-scale rock concert halls.<br />Opéra Garnier<br />Opéra Garnier<br /><br />Dancehalls/Discotheques<br />Guinguettes and Bals-concerts were the backbone of Parisian entertainment before the mid-20th century. Early to mid-19th century examples were the Moulin de la Galette guinguette and the Élysées-Montmartre and Chateau-Rouge dancehalls-gardens. Popular orchestral fare gave way to the Parisian accordionists of lore whose music moved the Apollo and le Java faubourg du Temple and Belleville dance-hall crowds. Out of the clubs remaining from this era grew the modern discothèque: Le Palace, although closed today, is Paris' most legendary example. Today, much of the clubbing in Paris happens in clubs like Le Queen, L'Etoile, Le Cab which are highly selective. Electronic music oriented clubs such as Le Rex, the Batofar (a boat converted into a club) or The Pulp are quite popular and the world's best DJs play there.<br /><br />Cinema<br />Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of the world's global cities, that is to say with a dominance of Hollywood-generated film entertainment. French cinema comes a close second, with major directors (réalisateurs) such as Claude Lelouch, Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Chabrol and Luc Besson, and the more slapstick/popular genre with director Claude Zidi as an example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and appreciated. A specialty of Paris is its very large network of small movie theaters: on a given week the movie fan has the choice between around 300 old or new movies from all over the world.<br /><br />Many of Paris' concert/dance halls were transformed into movie theatres when the media became popular from the 1930s. Later most of the largest cinemas were divided into multiple, smaller rooms: Paris' largest cinema today is by far le Grand Rex theatre with 2800 seats, while other cinemas all have less than 1000 seats. There is now a trend toward modern complexes with more than 10 or 20 screens in the same building.<br /><br />[edit] Cafés, restaurants and hotels<br />Front view of Les Deux Magots; one of the most famous Parisian cafés, in Saint-Germain-des-Prés.<br />Front view of Les Deux Magots; one of the most famous Parisian cafés, in Saint-Germain-des-Prés.<br /><br />Cafés quickly became an integral part of French culture from their appearance, namely from the opening of the left bank Café Procope in 1689 and the café Régence at the Palais-Royale one year earlier. The cafés in the gardens of the latter locale became a quite popular through the 18th-century, and can be considered Paris' first "terrace cafés"; these would not become widespread until sidewalks and boulevards began to appear from the mid-19th century. Cafés are an almost obligatory stop on the way to or from work for many Parisians, and especially during lunchtime.<br /><br />Paris' culinary reputation has its base in the many origins of its inhabitants. With the early-19th-century railways and ensuing industrial revolution came a flood of migration that brought with it all the gastronomical diversity of France's many different regions, and maintained through 'local speciality' restaurants catering to the tastes of people from all. "Chez Jenny" is a typical example of a restaurant specialising in the cuisine of the Alsace region, and "Aux Lyonnais" is another with a traditional fare originating from its city name's region. Of course migration from even more distant climes meant an even greater culinary diversity, and today, in addition to a great number of North African and Asian establishments, in Paris one can find top-quality cuisine from virtually the world over.<br /><br />Hotels were another result of widespread travel and tourism, especially Paris' late-19th century Expositions Universelles (World's Fairs). Of the most luxurious of these, the Hôtel Ritz appeared in the Place Vendôme from 1898, and the Hôtel de Crillon opened its doors to the north of the place de la Concorde from 1909.<br /><br />[edit] Tourism<br />View over the downtown of Disneyland Resort Paris in suburban Marne-la-Vallée<br />View over the downtown of Disneyland Resort Paris in suburban Marne-la-Vallée<br />The Eiffel Tower, the most famous monument of Paris<br />The Eiffel Tower, the most famous monument of Paris<br /><br />Paris had always been a destination for traders, students and those on religious pilgrimages, but its 'tourism' in the proper sense of the term began on a large scale only with the appearance of rail travel, namely from state organisation of France's rail network from 1848. One of Paris' first 'mass' attractions drawing international interest were, from 1855, the above-mentioned Expositions Universelles that would bring Paris many new monuments, namely the Eiffel tower from 1889. These, in addition to the Capital's 2nd Empire embellishments, did much to make the city itself the attraction it is today.<br /><br />Paris' museums and monuments are by far its highest-esteemed attractions, and tourist interest has been nothing but a benefit to these; tourism has even motivated both city and State to create new ones. The city's most prized museum, the Louvre, sees over 6 million visitors a year. Paris' cathedrals are another main attraction: its Notre-Dame cathedral and Sacré-Coeur basilica receive 12 million and 8 million visitors respectively. The Eiffel tower, by far Paris' most famous monument, averages over 6 million visitors per year. Disneyland Resort Paris is a major tourist attraction not only for visitors to Paris, but to Europe as well, with 12.4 million visitors in 2004.<br /><br />Many of Paris' once-popular local establishments have metamorphised into a parody of French culture, in a form catering to the tastes and expectations of tourist capital. The Moulin Rouge cabaret-dancehall, for example, is a staged dinner theatre spectacle, a dance display that was once but one aspect of the cabaret's former atmosphere. All of the establishment's former social or cultural elements, such as its ballrooms and gardens, are gone today. Much of Paris' hotel, restaurant and night entertainment trades have become heavily dependent on tourism, with results not always positive for Parisian culture.<br /><br />[edit] Sports<br />Inside the Stade de France during a rugby union match.<br />Inside the Stade de France during a rugby union match.<br /><br />Paris's main sport clubs are the football club Paris Saint-Germain, the basketball team Paris Basket Racing and the rugby union club Stade Français Paris. The 80,000-seat Stade de France was built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup and is used for football and rugby union, and is used annually for French rugby team's home matches of the Six Nations Championship and sometimes for big matches for the Stade Français rugby team. Racing Métro 92 Paris (who now play in Rugby Pro D2) is another rugby team, which actually contested the first ever final against Stade Français in 1892. Paris also hosted the 1900 and 1924 Olympic Games and was venue for the 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups.<br /><br />Although the starting point and the route of the famous Tour de France varies each year, the final stage always finishes in Paris and since 1975, the race has finished on the Champs-Elysées. Tennis is another popular sport in Paris and throughout France. The French Open, held every year on the red clay of the Roland Garros National Tennis Center near the Bois de Boulogne, is one of the four Grand Slam events of the world professional tennis tour.<br /><br />The 2006 UEFA Champions League Final between Arsenal and FC Barcelona was played in the Stade de France. Paris will host the 2007 Rugby World Cup final at Stade de France on 20 October 2007.<br /><br />[edit] Economy<br /><br /> Main article: Economy of Paris<br /><br />With a 2005 GDP of €478.7 billion[6] (US$595.3 billion)[17], the Paris Region is an engine of the global economy: if it were a country, it would rank as the sixteenth largest economy in the world.[18] The Paris Region is thus France's premier centre of economic activity: while its population accounted for 18.7% of the total population of metropolitan France in 2005,[19] its GDP was about 28.5% that of metropolitan France.[6] Activity in the Paris metropolitan area, though diverse, has not found a specialization such as Los Angeles with entertainment industries or London and New York with financial industries. In recent decades, however, the Paris economy has been shifting towards high value-added service industries (finance, IT services, etc.) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.).<br /><br />[edit] Organisation<br /><br />The Paris Region's most intense economic activity through the central Hauts-de-Seine département and suburban La Défense business district places Paris' economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the Opéra Garnier, La Défense and the Val de Seine. Paris' administrative borders have little consequences on the limits of its economic activity: although most workers commute from the suburbs to work in the city, many commute from the city to work in the suburbs. At the 1999 census, 47.5% of the 5,089,170 people in employment in the Paris metropolitan area (including commuter belt) worked in the city of Paris and the Hauts-de-Seine département, while only 31.5% worked exclusively in Paris[citation needed].<br /><br />[edit] Sectors<br /><br />Although the Paris economy is largely dominated by services, it remains an important manufacturing powerhouse of Europe, especially in industrial sectors such as automobiles, aeronautics, and electronics. Over recent decades, the local economy has moved towards high value-added activities, in particular business services.<br /><br />The 1999 census indicated that of the 5,089,170 persons employed in the Paris metropolitan area, 16.5% worked in business services, 13.0% in commerce (retail and wholesale trade), 12.3% in manufacturing, 10.0% in public administrations and defense, 8.7% in health services, 8.2% in transportation and communications, 6.6% in education, and the remaining 24.7% in many other economic sectors. Among the manufacturing sector, the largest employers were the electronic and electrical industry (17.9% of the total manufacturing workforce in 1999) and the publishing and printing industry (14.0% of the total manufacturing workforce), with the remaining 68.1% of the manufacturing workforce distributed among many other industries. The tourism industry and tourist related services employ 3.6% of the total workforce of the Paris Region (in 1999), and 6.2% of the total workforce of the city of Paris.[20]<br /><br />[edit] Demography<br />Demographics within the Paris Region<br />(according to the INSEE 2005 estimates)<br />Ile-de-France départements<br />Areas Population<br />2005 est. Area<br />(km²) Density<br />(/km²) 1999-2005<br />pop. growth<br />City of Paris<br />(département 75) 2,153,600 105 20,433 +1.33%<br />Inner ring<br />(Petite Couronne)<br />(Depts. 92, 93, 94) 4,254,600 657 6,477 +5.34%<br />Outer ring<br />(Grande Couronne)<br />(Depts. 77, 78, 91, 95) 4,991,100 11,249 426 +4.25%<br />Ile-de-France<br />(entire région) 11,399,300 12,011 949 +4.08%<br />Statistical Growth (INSEE 1999 census)<br />Areas Population<br />1999 census Area<br />(km²) Density<br />(/km²) 1990-1999<br />pop. growth<br />Urban area<br />(Paris agglomeration) 9,644,507 2,723 3,542 +1.85%<br />Metro area<br />(Paris aire urbaine) 11,174,743 14,518 770 +2.90%<br /><br /> Main article: Demographics of Paris<br /><br />The population of the City of Paris was 2,125,246 at the 1999 census, lower than the historical peak of 2.9 million in 1921[citation needed]. This decline was because of the relocation of people to the suburbs caused by de-industrialisation, high rent, the gentrification of many inner quarters and the transformation of living space into offices, although not on the scale seen in some Western cities. These tendencies are generally seen as negative for the city; the city administration is trying to reverse them with some success, as the population estimate of July 2004 shows a population increase for the first time since 1954 reaching a total of 2,144,700 inhabitants.<br /><br />[edit] Density<br /><br />The City of Paris is the second most densely populated area in the Western World after Manhattan island in New York City[citation needed]. Its density, excluding the outlying woodland parks of Boulogne and Vincennes, was 24,448 inh. per km² (63,321 inh. per sq. mile) in 1999 official census[citation needed]. Paris' buildings have maintained in most all its quarters a relatively even distribution of apartment housing, office spaces and commercial activities, although some districts have lost much of their apartment housing to office renovations, partly contributing to the decline in population the city has seen since the 1920's.[citation needed]<br /><br />Paris' most sparsely populated quarters are its western and central office and administration-charged arrondissements[citation needed]. The city is at its densest in its north and east arrondissements; its 11th arrondissement had a density of 40,672/km² (105,339/sq. mile) in 1999[citation needed], and some of the same arrondissement's eastern quarters showed densities close to 100,000/km² (260,000/sq. mile) the same year.[citation needed]<br /><br />[edit] The Paris agglomeration<br /><br />The City of Paris is much smaller than its urban growth. At present, the city's urban area (agglomeration) fills a ring of Paris' three neighbouring départements - also known as petite couronne ("small ring") - and extends into an "outer ring" of four grande couronne départements beyond. These eight départements together complete the Île-de-France région.<br /><br />The Paris agglomeration or urban area (unité urbaine) covers 2,723 km² (1,051.4 mi²) [21], or about 26 times larger than the city of Paris. Beyond this, the couronne peri-urbaine commuter belt region reaches well beyond the limits of the Île-de-France région, and combined with the Paris agglomeration, completes a metropolitan area (aire urbaine) covering 14,518 km² (5,605.5 mi²) [citation needed], or an area about 138 times that of Paris itself.<br />View over the center of Paris with chinatown high buildings on the right<br />View over the center of Paris with chinatown high buildings on the right<br /><br />The Paris agglomeration has shown a steady rate of growth since the end of the late 16th-century French Wars of Religion, save brief setbacks during the French Revolution and World War II[citation needed]. Suburban development has accelerated in recent years, as with an estimated total of 11.4 million inhabitants for 2005, the Île-de-France région shows a rate of growth double that of the 1990s [22][23].<br /><br />[edit] Immigration<br /><br />French censuses, by law, ask no questions regarding ethnicity or religion, but do gather information concerning country of birth. From this it is still possible to determine that the Paris metropolitan area is one of the most multi-cultural in Europe: at the 1999 census, 19.4% of its total population was born outside of metropolitan France[24]. At the same census, 4.2% of the Paris metropolitan area's population were recent immigrants (i.e people who migrated to France between the 1990 and 1999 censuses)[25], in their majority from mainland China and Africa[26].<br /><br />The first wave of international migration to Paris started as early as in 1820 with the arrivals of German peasants fleeing the agricultural crisis in Germany. Several waves of immigration followed continuously until today : Italians and central European Jews during the 19th century; Russians after the revolution of 1917; colonial citizens during World War I and later; Poles between the two world wars; Spaniards, Portuguese and North Africans from the 1950's to the 1970's; North African Jews after the independence of those countries; Africans and Asians since then[27]. The majority of these today are naturalised French without any distinction, in the name of the French Republic principle of equality among its citizens.<br /><br /><br />[edit] Administration<br /><br />[edit] Capital of France<br /><br />Paris is the capital of France, and as such is the seat of France's national government.<br /><br />For the executive, the two chief officers each have their own official residences, which also serve as their offices. President of the Republic resides at the Elysée Palace in the VIIIe arrondissement, while the Prime Minister's seat is at the Hôtel Matignon in the VIIe arrondissement. Government ministries are located in various parts of the city - many are located in the VIIe, near the Matignon.<br /><br />The two houses of the French Parliament are also located on the Left Bank. The upper house, the Senate, meets in the Palais du Luxembourg in the VIe arrondissement, while the more important lower house, the Assemblée Nationale, meets in the Palais Bourbon in the VIIe. The President of the Senate, the second highest public official in France after the President of the Republic, resides in the "Petit Luxembourg", a smaller palace annex to the Palais du Luxembourg.<br /><br />France's highest courts are located in Paris. The Court of Cassation, the highest court in the judicial order, which tries most criminal and civil cases, is located in the Palais de Justice on the Ile de la Cité, while the Conseil d'État, which provides legal advice to the executive and acts as the highest court in the administrative order, judging litigation against public bodies, is located in the Palais Royal in the Ier.<br /><br />The Constitutional Council, which is an advisory body which is the ultimate authority on the constitutionality of laws and government decrees, also meets in the Palais Royal.<br /><br />[edit] City government<br />The arrondissements of Paris<br />The arrondissements of Paris<br /><br /> Main articles: Paris mayors and Arrondissements of Paris<br /><br />Paris has been a commune (municipality) since 1834 (and also briefly between 1790 and 1795). At the 1790 division of France into communes in the beginning of the French Revolution, and again in 1834, Paris was a city only half its modern size, but in 1860 it annexed bordering communes, some entirely, to create the new administrative map of twenty municipal arrondissements the city still has today. These municipal subdivisions describe a clockwise spiral outward from its most central Ier arrondissement.<br /><br />Paris as a commune from 1790 became the préfecture (capital) of the Seine département that encompassed Paris and a number of neighbouring communes, but this département was split in 1968 into four smaller ones: the city of Paris became a département distinct from suburban communes in retaining the Seine département 's "75" number (originating from the Seine département's position in France's alphabetical list of départements), while the three new Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne départements were attributed the numbers 92, 93 and 94 respectively. The result of this division is that today Paris's limits as a département are exactly those of its limits as a commune, a situation unique in France.<br /><br />[edit] Municipal offices<br /><br />Each of Paris's 20 arrondissements has a directly-elected council (conseil d'arrondissement), which in turn elects an arrondissement mayor. A selection of members from each arrondissement council form the Council of Paris (conseil de Paris), which in turn elects the mayor of Paris.<br />The Sun setting over the Seine.<br />The Sun setting over the Seine.<br /><br />In medieval times Paris was governed by a merchant-elected municipality whose head was the provost of the merchants: in addition to regulating city commerce, the provost of the merchants was responsible for some civic duties such as the guarding of city walls and the cleanliness of city streets. This role was seconded from the 13th century by the provost of Paris, a direct representative of the king responsible for law and order in the city and its surrounding prévôté (county). Many functions from both offices were transferred to the office of the crown-appointed lieutenant general of police upon its creation in 1667.<br /><br />Paris' last Prévôt des marchands was assassinated the afternoon of the 14th of July 1789 uprising that was the French Revolution Storming of the Bastille. Paris became an official "commune" from the creation of the administrative division on December 14th the same year, and its provisional "Paris commune" revolutionary municipality was replaced with the city's first municipal constitution and government from October 9, 1790[28]. Through the turmoil of the 1794 Thermidorian Reaction, it became apparent that revolutionary Paris's political independence was a threat to any governing power: the office of mayor was abolished the same year, and its municipal council one year later.<br /><br />Although the municipal council was recreated in 1834, Paris spent most of the 19th and 20th centuries, along with the larger Seine département of which it was a centre, under the direct control of the State-appointed préfet of the Seine, in charge of general affairs there; the State-appointed Prefect of Police was in charge of police in the same jurisdiction. Paris, save for a few brief occasions, would have no mayor until 1977, and the Paris Prefecture of Police is still under State control today.<br /><br />Despite its double existence as commune and département, Paris has a unique council to governing both; the Council of Paris, presided by the mayor of Paris, meets either as a municipal council (conseil municipal) or as a departmental council (conseil général) depending on the issue to be debated.<br /><br />Paris' modern administrative organisation still retains some traces of the former Seine département jurisdiction. The Prefecture of Police (also directing Paris' fire brigades), for example, has still a jurisdiction extending to Paris' petite couronne of bordering three départements for some operations such as fire protection or rescue operations, and is still directed by France's national government. Paris has no municipal police force, although it does have its own brigade of traffic wardens.<br />The eight départements of the Île-de-France région<br />The eight départements of the Île-de-France région<br /><br />[edit] Capital of the Île-de-France région<br /><br />As part of a 1961 nation-wide administrative effort to consolidate regional economies, Paris as a département became the capital of the new District of the Paris Region, transformed into the Île-de-France région in 1976, encompassing the Paris département and its seven closest départements. The regional council members are chosen by direct elections (since 1986). The prefect of the Paris département (known as the prefect of the Seine département before 1968) is also prefect of the Île-de-France région, although the office lost a lot of its powers with the creation of the office of mayor of Paris in 1977.<br /><br />[edit] Intercommunality<br /><br />Few of the above changes have taken into account Paris's existence as an agglomeration. Unlike in most of France's major urban areas such as Lille and Lyon, there is no intercommunal entity in the Paris urban area, no intercommunal council treating the problems of the region's dense urban core as a whole; Paris's alienation of its suburbs is indeed a problem today, and considered by many to be the main causes of civil unrest such as suburban riots in 2005. A direct result of these unfortunate events were propositions for a more efficient metropolitan structure to cover the city of Paris and some of the suburbs, ranging from a socialist idea of a loose "metropolitan conference" (conférence métropolitaine) to the right-wing idea of a more integrated Grand Paris ("Greater Paris").<br /><br /><br />[edit] Education<br /><br />In the early 9th century, the Emperor Charlemagne mandated all churches to give lessons in reading, writing and basic arithmetic to their parishes, and cathedrals to give a higher education in the finer arts of language, physics, music and theology. Paris, with its many churches and cathedral, began its rise as a scholastic centre around then.<br /><br />Twelve centuries later, education in Paris and the Paris region (Île-de-France région) employs approximately 330,000 persons, 170,000 of whom are teachers and professors teaching approximately 2.9 million children and students in around 9,000 primary, secondary, and higher education schools and institutions[29].<br /><br />[edit] Primary and secondary education<br /> Please help improve this article by expanding this section.<br />Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. Please remove this message once the section has been expanded.<br />This article has been tagged since January 2007.<br /><br />Paris is home to several of France's most prestigious high-schools such as Lycée Louis-le-Grand and Lycée Henri IV.<br /><br />Other high-schools of international renown in the Paris area include the Lycée International de Saint Germain-en-Laye and the Ecole Active Bilingue<br /><br />[edit] Higher education<br /><br />In the academic year 2004-2005, there were 359,749 students registered in the 17 public universities located throughout the Paris region.[30] This is the largest concentration of university students in Europe, ahead of the agglomerations of London (300,000 university students), Milan (280,000 university students), Madrid (250,000 university students), and Rome (230,000 university students).[31] Beside these 17 public universities, 240,778 more students are registered in the prestigious grandes écoles, as well as in the preparatory classes to the grandes écoles, and in scores of private and public schools independent from universities, thus giving a grand total of 600,527 students in higher education in the academic year 2004-2005.[30]<br /><br />[edit] Universities<br /><br />Historical article: University of Paris<br /><br />Paris Notre-Dame Cathedral was the first center of higher education before the creation of the University of Paris. The universitas, a corporation status granting teachers (and their students) the right to rule themselves independently from crown law and taxes, was chartered by King Philip Augustus in 1200. Many classes then were held in open air. Non-Parisian students and teachers would stay in hostels, or "colleges", created for the boursiers coming from afar. Already famous by the 13th century, the Universty of Paris had students from all of Europe. Paris's Rive Gauche scholastic centre, or "Latin Quarter" as classes were taught in Latin then, would eventually regroup around the college created by Robert de Sorbon from 1257. The University of Paris in the 19th century had six faculties: law, science, medicine, pharmaceutical studies, literature and theology.<br /><br />The 1968 student riots in Paris, in an effort to disperse the centralised student body, resulted in a near total reform of the University of Paris. The following year, the formerly unique University of Paris was split between thirteen autonomous universities ("Paris I" to "Paris XIII") located throughout the City of Paris and its suburbs. Each of these universities inherited only some of the departments of the old University of Paris, and are not generalist universities. Paris I, II, V and X, inherited the Law School; Paris V inherited the School of Medicine as well; Paris VI and VII inherited the scientific departments; etc.<br /><br />In 1991, four more universities were created in the suburbs of Paris, reaching a total of seventeen public universities for the Paris (Île-de-France) région. These new universities were given names (based on the name of the suburb in which they are located) and not numbers like the previous thirteen: University of Cergy-Pontoise, University of Évry-Val d'Essonne, University of Marne-la-Vallée and University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.<br /><br />In Paris there is also the English-speaking Westminster Centre for International Studies, department of London's University of Westminster, as well as the The American University of Paris, a private higher education institution; and also The American Business School of Paris.<br /><br />[edit] Grandes écoles<br /><br />The Paris region hosts France's highest concentration of grandes écoles, or prestigious centres of higher specialised education outside the public university structure. Note that the prestigious public universities are usually considered grands établissements. Most of the grandes écoles were relocated to the suburbs of Paris in the 1960s and 1970s, in new campuses much larger than the old campuses within the crowded City of Paris, though the École Normale Supérieure has remained on rue d'Ulm in the Ve arrondissement. The Paris area has a high number of engineering schools, led by the prestigious École Polytechnique, École des Mines, École des Ponts et Chaussées, and École Centrale, forming future actors of France's engineering and industry. Business schools are also many, including world-famous HEC, ESSEC, INSEAD, and ESCP-EAP European School of Management. Although Paris' former elite administrative school ENA was relocated to Strasbourg, the famous political science school Sciences-Po is still located in Paris' Left bank VIIe arrondissement.<br /><br />See also: Grandes écoles<br /><br />[edit] Infrastructure<br />Thalys trains with service to Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany<br />Thalys trains with service to Belgium, the Netherlands and Germany<br />Inauguration of the T3 tramway line on the 16th of December, 2006<br />Inauguration of the T3 tramway line on the 16th of December, 2006<br />Métro station<br />Métro station<br /><br />[edit] Transport<br /><br /> Main articles: Transport in Paris and Transport in France<br /> See also: List of railway stations in Paris<br /><br />Paris's role as a centre of international trade and tourism has brought its transportation system many embellishments over the past centuries, and its development is still progressing at a rapid pace today. Only in the past few decades Paris has become the center of an autoroute system, high-speed train network and, through its two major airports, a hub of international air travel.<br /><br />The public transit networks of the Paris region are coordinated by the Syndicat des transports d'Île-de-France [32] (STIF), formerly Syndicat des transports parisiens (STP). Members of the syndicate include the RATP, which operates the Parisian and some suburban buses, the Métro, and sections of the RER; the SNCF, which operates the suburban rail lines and the other sections of the RER ; and other private operators managing some suburban bus lines.<br /><br />The Métro is one of Paris' most important methods of transportation. The system comprises 16 lines, identified by numbers from 1 to 14, with two minor lines, 3bis and 7bis, numbered thus because they used to be branches of their respective original lines and only later became independent. In October 1998, the new line 14 was inaugurated after a 70-year hiatus in inaugurating fully new métro lines.<br /><br />There are two tangential tramway lines in the suburbs: Line T1 runs from Saint-Denis to Noisy-le-Sec, line T2 runs from La Défense to Issy. A third line, in the city proper, T-3, between Pont du Garigliano and Porte d'Ivry, along the southern inner orbital road opened for use on December 15, 2006.<br /><br />Paris is served by two principal airports: Orly Airport, which is south of Paris, and the Charles de Gaulle International Airport in nearby Roissy-en-France, one of the busiest in Europe. A third and much smaller airport, at the town of Beauvais, 70 km (45 mi) to the north of the city, is used by charter and low-cost airlines. Le Bourget airport nowadays only hosts business jets, air trade shows and the aerospace museum.<br /><br />Paris is a central hub of the national rail network of high-speed (TGV) and normal (Corail) trains. Six major railway stations, Gare du Nord, Gare Montparnasse, Gare de l'Est, Gare de Lyon, Gare d'Austerlitz, and Gare Saint-Lazare connect this train network to the world famous and highly efficient Métro network, with 380 stations connected by 221.6km of rails. Because of the short distance between stations on the Métro network, lines were too slow to be extended further in the suburbs as is the case in most other cities. As such, an additional express network, known as the RER, has been created since the 1960s to connect more distant parts of the conurbation.<br /><br />The city is also the hub of France's motorway network, and is surrounded by three orbital freeways : the Périphérique which follows the approximate path of 19th-century fortifications around Paris, the A86 autoroute motorway in the inner suburbs, and finally the Francilienne motorway, also known as the A104(north) and N104(south) (and N184), in the outer suburbs. Paris has an extensive road network with over 2000 kilometres of major roads and highways. By road Brussels can be reached in three hours, Frankfurt in 6 hours and Barcelona in 12 hours.<br /><br /><br />[edit] Water and sanitation<br />Canal Saint-Martin<br />Canal Saint-Martin<br /><br />Paris in its early history had only the Seine and Bièvre rivers for water. Later forms of irrigation were: a first-century Roman aqueduct from southerly Wissous (later left to ruin); sources from the Right bank hills from the late 11th century; from the 15th-century an aqueduct built roughly along the path of the first; finally, from 1809, the canal de l'Ourcq began providing Paris with water from less polluted rivers away from the Capital. Paris would only have its first constant and plentiful source of drinkable water from the late 19th-century: from 1857, under Napoleon III's Préfet Haussmann, the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand oversaw the construction of a series of new aqueducts that would bring sources from distant locations to reservoirs built in the highest points of the Capital. The new sources became Paris' principal source of drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then dedicated to the cleaning of Paris' streets. This system is still a major part of Paris' modern water supply network.<br /><br />Paris has over 2,400 km of underground passageways [16] dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid wastes. Most of these even today date from the late 19th century, a result of the combined plans of the Préfet Baron Haussmann and the civil engineer Eugène Belgrand to improve the then very unsanitary conditions in the Capital. Maintained by a round-the-clock service since their construction, only a small percentage of Paris' sewer réseau has needed complete renovation. The entire Paris network of sewers and collectors has been managed since the late 20th century by a computerised network system, known under the acronym "G.A.AS.PAR", that controls all of Paris' water distribution, even the flow of the river Seine through the capital.Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7017443809156893070.post-27257701617797933212007-02-24T06:03:00.001-08:002007-02-24T06:03:57.170-08:00bebo<p>The site was founded in January 2005 by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Birch&action=edit" class="new" title="Michael Birch">Michael Birch</a> and his wife, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xochi_Birch&action=edit" class="new" title="Xochi Birch">Xochi Birch</a>. It was given a major relaunch in July of that year.<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebo#_note-0" title="">[1]</a></sup></p> <p><a name="Popularity_Statistics" id="Popularity_Statistics"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bebo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Popularity Statistics">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Popularity Statistics</span></h2> <p>Bebo is the 174th most popular English language website, based on a three month average to February 2007, according to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexa_Internet" title="Alexa Internet">Alexa Internet</a>.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebo#_note-1" title="">[2]</a></sup> In the US, Bebo was the fastest growing social networking site in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June" title="June">June</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a> according to Hitwise, Inc.<sup id="_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebo#_note-2" title="">[3]</a></sup> Bebo as a keyword was also listed as the number one term most representative of search trends on Google in 2006.<sup id="_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebo#_note-3" title="">[4]</a></sup></p> <p><a name="Features" id="Features"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bebo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Features</span></h2> <p><a name="Profile_Components" id="Profile_Components"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bebo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Profile Components">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Profile Components</span></h3> <p>Once a user has registered an account, they edit and maintain their own profile page using online forms. The top of a user's profile contains information about the user, which would typically include their name, a picture, a paragraph about them, and some miscellaneous information under various headings. Although default headings are provided, many users create their own to reflect their own interests, or to include quips, quotes, jokes or gibes.</p> <p>Profiles include; a <i>whiteboard</i>, in which other users can draw pictures with a variety of colors using a system called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FfArt&action=edit" class="new" title="FfArt">ffArt</a>, a comment section where other users can leave a message, and a list of the user's friends. These are all publicly viewable, unless the user selects the "Private Profile" option, which limits access to the profile to friends specifically added by the user.</p> <p>Profiles usually also include quizzes, slide-shows of pictures, polls, photo albums, blogs with a comments section for others' responses, a list of bands (see below) of which the profile-holder is a groupie, and a <i>Flash Box</i>, which plays video, often linked from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>, or uploaded directly to Bebo's servers.</p> <p><a name="Bands" id="Bands"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bebo&action=edit§ion=5" title="Edit section: Bands">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Bands</span></h3> <p>On <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_11" title="July 11">11 July</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>, Bebo Bands was launched. On this section of the site, bands or solo artists are able to create a profile showcasing their music. Along with undiscovered talents, it has a section called "New Music Only on Bebo" linking to established artist pages including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Hilton" title="Paris Hilton">Paris Hilton</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Willis" title="Matt Willis">Matt Willis</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orson" title="Orson">Orson</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coldplay" title="Coldplay">Coldplay</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kylie_Minogue" title="Kylie Minogue">Kylie Minogue</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kooks" title="The Kooks">The Kooks</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_Allen" title="Lily Allen">Lily Allen</a> and more.</p> <p>The band pages include; a band member list which is similar to the friends list on a normal profile, a list of <i>groupies</i> (fans who have added the band, as though it were a friend), an area for tour dates, a blog, and a list of songs which have been uploaded for playing through Bebo's media player, or to be added to other user's playlists. These songs can be grouped by the band into albums, along with cover-art. All band members can edit the content of the band profile.</p> <p>Although the Bebo Band section is intended for use by musical groups, the facility is also used by many to form clubs or societies, or as non-official fan pages for established bands.</p> <p><a name="Controversy" id="Controversy"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bebo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Controversy">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Controversy</span></h2> <p>Concern has been raised about potential risks to children from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedophiles" title="Pedophiles">pedophiles</a> accessing personal information contained in profiles. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, for example, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Tribune" title="Sunday Tribune">Sunday Tribune</a> experiment whereby a reporter posing as a 13 year old girl set up an account, and proceeded to gather personal information and photos of other teenage girls.<sup class="noprint">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources" style="white-space: nowrap;">citation needed</span></i></a>]</sup> A survey of 2 million profiles by <a href="http://www.bigulo.com/" class="external text" title="http://www.bigulo.com" rel="nofollow">Bigulo.com</a> found that 1 in 3 publicly accessible profiles belonged to children under the age of 18.<sup id="_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebo#_note-4" title="">[5]</a></sup></p> <p>In March 2006 Norfolk County Council is believed to have become the first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Education_Authority" title="Local Education Authority">LEA</a> in the United Kingdom to order all schools in its authority to block the website from school computers due to it being used for "unsavoury activities". <sup id="_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebo#_note-5" title="">[6]</a></sup></p> <p>Bebo has also been used to arrange meetings for public <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">under-aged</a> drinking<sup id="_ref-somerset_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebo#_note-somerset" title="">[7]</a></sup> and also to host <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_slapping" title="Happy slapping">happy slapping</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_assault" title="Physical assault">physical assault</a> videos.<sup id="_ref-bbc_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebo#_note-bbc" title="">[8]</a></sup></p>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7017443809156893070.post-20267227985923896732007-02-24T06:01:00.000-08:002007-02-24T06:03:23.843-08:00computer<h2><span class="mw-headline">History of computing</span></h2> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing" title="History of computing">History of computing</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jacquard.loom.full.view.jpg" class="internal" title="The Jacquard loom was one of the first programmable devices."><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Jacquard.loom.full.view.jpg/180px-Jacquard.loom.full.view.jpg" alt="The Jacquard loom was one of the first programmable devices." longdesc="/wiki/Image:Jacquard.loom.full.view.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="241" width="180" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Jacquard.loom.full.view.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquard_loom" title="Jacquard loom">Jacquard loom</a> was one of the first programmable devices.</div> </div> </div> <p>It is difficult to define any one device as the earliest computer. The very definition of a computer has changed and it is therefore impossible to identify the first computer. Many devices once called "computers" would no longer qualify as such by today's standards.</p> <p>Originally, the term "computer" referred to a person who performed numerical calculations (a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_computer" title="Human computer">human computer</a>), often with the aid of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_calculating_device" title="Mechanical calculating device">mechanical calculating device</a>. Examples of early mechanical computing devices included the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abacus" title="Abacus">abacus</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_rule" title="Slide rule">slide rule</a> and arguably the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrolabe" title="Astrolabe">astrolabe</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a> (which dates from about 150-100 BC). The end of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> saw a re-invigoration of European mathematics and engineering, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Schickard" title="Wilhelm Schickard">Wilhelm Schickard</a>'s 1623 device was the first of a number of mechanical calculators constructed by European engineers.</p> <p>However, none of those devices fit the modern definition of a computer because they could not be programmed. In 1801, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Marie_Jacquard" title="Joseph Marie Jacquard">Joseph Marie Jacquard</a> made an improvement to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loom" title="Loom">textile loom</a> that used a series of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_card" title="Punch card">punched paper cards</a> as a template to allow his loom to weave intricate patterns automatically. The resulting Jacquard loom was an important step in the development of computers because the use of punched cards to define woven patterns can be viewed as an early, albeit limited, form of programmability.</p> <p>In 1837, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a> was the first to conceptualize and design a fully programmable mechanical computer that he called "The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_engine" title="Analytical engine">Analytical Engine</a>".<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_note-1" title="">[2]</a></sup> Due to limited finance, and an inability to resist tinkering with the design, Babbage never actually built his Analytical Engine.</p> <p>Large-scale automated data processing of punched cards was performed for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census%2C_1890" title="United States Census, 1890">US Census in 1890</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabulating_machine" title="Tabulating machine">tabulating machines</a> designed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Hollerith" title="Herman Hollerith">Herman Hollerith</a> and manufactured by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_Tabulating_Recording_Corporation" title="Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation">Computing Tabulating Recording Corporation</a>, which later became <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>. By the end of the 19th century a number of technologies that would later prove useful in the realization of practical computers had begun to appear: the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_card" title="Punch card">punched card</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra" title="Boolean algebra">boolean algebra</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> (thermionic valve) and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinter</a>.</p> <p>During the first half of the 20th century, many scientific computing needs were met by increasingly sophisticated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_computer" title="Analog computer">analog computers</a>, which used a direct mechanical or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electrical</a> model of the problem as a basis for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computation" title="Computation">computation</a>. However, these were not programmable and generally lacked the versatility and accuracy of modern digital computers.</p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <caption><i>Defining characteristics of five first operative digital computers</i></caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Computer</th> <th>Shown working</th> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system" title="Binary numeral system">Binary</a></th> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">Electronic</a></th> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">Programmable</a></th> <th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_completeness" title="Turing completeness">Turing complete</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Zuse</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3" title="Z3">Z3</a></td> <td>May 1941</td> <td style="background: rgb(144, 255, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 144, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: rgb(144, 255, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-yes">By punched <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">film stock</a></td> <td style="background: rgb(144, 255, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-yes">Yes <small style="line-height: 130%;">(<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3#Relation_to_the_concept_of_a_universal_Turing_machine" title="Z3">1998</a>)</small></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasoff-Berry_Computer" title="Atanasoff-Berry Computer">Atanasoff-Berry Computer</a></td> <td>Summer 1941</td> <td style="background: rgb(144, 255, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: rgb(144, 255, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 144, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 144, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-no">No</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus</a></td> <td>December 1943 / January 1944</td> <td style="background: rgb(144, 255, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: rgb(144, 255, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-partial">Partially, by rewiring</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 144, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-no">No</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Harvard Mark I/IBM ASCC</a></td> <td>1944</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 144, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 144, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: rgb(144, 255, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-yes">By punched paper tape</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 144, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-no">No</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="background: rgb(236, 236, 236) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; text-align: left; padding-left: 0.5em; font-weight: bold;" class="table-rh" rowspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a></td> <td>1944</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 144, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: rgb(144, 255, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 255, 221) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-partial">Partially, by rewiring</td> <td style="background: rgb(144, 255, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1948</td> <td style="background: rgb(255, 144, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background: rgb(144, 255, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: rgb(144, 255, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-yes">By Function Table <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a></td> <td style="background: rgb(144, 255, 144) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /></p> <p>A succession of steadily more powerful and flexible computing devices were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, gradually adding the key features that are seen in modern computers. The use of digital electronics (largely invented by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a> in 1937) and more flexible programmability were vitally important steps, but defining one point along this road as "the first digital electronic computer" is difficult <span class="reference" id="ref_shannon1940a"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#endnote_shannon1940a" title="">(Shannon 1940)</a></span>. Notable achievements include:</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:EDSAC_%2810%29.jpg" class="internal" title="EDSAC was one of the first computers to implement the stored program (von Neumann) architecture."><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/EDSAC_%2810%29.jpg/200px-EDSAC_%2810%29.jpg" alt="EDSAC was one of the first computers to implement the stored program (von Neumann) architecture." longdesc="/wiki/Image:EDSAC_%2810%29.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="244" width="200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:EDSAC_%2810%29.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDSAC" title="EDSAC">EDSAC</a> was one of the first computers to implement the stored program (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">von Neumann</a>) architecture.</div> </div> </div> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanics" title="Electromechanics">electromechanical</a> "Z machines". The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3" title="Z3">Z3</a> (1941) was the first working machine featuring <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_numeral_system" title="Binary numeral system">binary</a> arithmetic, including floating point arithmetic and a measure of programmability. In 1998 the Z3 was proved to be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_completeness" title="Turing completeness">Turing complete</a>, therefore being the world's first operational computer.</li><li>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasoff-Berry_Computer" title="Atanasoff-Berry Computer">Atanasoff-Berry Computer</a> (1941) which used vacuum tube based <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computation" title="Computation">computation</a>, binary numbers, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_capacitor_memory" title="Regenerative capacitor memory">regenerative capacitor memory</a>.</li><li>The secret British <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colossus_computer" title="Colossus computer">Colossus computer</a> (1944), which had limited programmability but demonstrated that a device using thousands of tubes could be reasonably reliable and electronically reprogrammable. It was used for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">breaking</a> German wartime codes.</li><li>The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Harvard Mark I</a> (1944), a large-scale electromechanical computer with limited programmability.</li><li>The US Army's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistics_Research_Laboratory" title="Ballistics Research Laboratory">Ballistics Research Laboratory</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a> (1946), which used <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a> arithmetic and was the first general purpose electronic computer, although it initially had an inflexible architecture which essentially required rewiring to change its programming.</li></ul> <p>Several developers of ENIAC, recognizing its flaws, came up with a far more flexible and elegant design, which came to be known as the <b>stored program architecture</b> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">von Neumann architecture</a>. This design was first formally described by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a> in the paper "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Draft_of_a_Report_on_the_EDVAC" title="First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC">First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC</a>", published in 1945. A number of projects to develop computers based on the stored program architecture commenced around this time, the first of these being completed in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. The first to be demonstrated working was the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Small-Scale_Experimental_Machine" title="Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine">Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine</a> (SSEM) or "Baby". However, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDSAC" title="EDSAC">EDSAC</a>, completed a year after SSEM, was perhaps the first practical implementation of the stored program design. Shortly thereafter, the machine originally described by von Neumann's paper—<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDVAC" title="EDVAC">EDVAC</a>—was completed but didn't see full-time use for an additional two years.</p> <p>Nearly all modern computers implement some form of the stored program architecture, making it the single trait by which the word "computer" is now defined. By this standard, many earlier devices would no longer be called computers by today's definition, but are usually referred to as such in their historical context. While the technologies used in computers have changed dramatically since the first electronic, general-purpose computers of the 1940s, most still use the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture" title="Von Neumann architecture">von Neumann architecture</a>. The design made the universal computer a practical reality.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:80486dx2-large.jpg" class="internal" title="Microprocessors are miniaturized devices that often implement stored program CPUs."><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/80486dx2-large.jpg/200px-80486dx2-large.jpg" alt="Microprocessors are miniaturized devices that often implement stored program CPUs." longdesc="/wiki/Image:80486dx2-large.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="149" width="200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:80486dx2-large.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessors" title="Microprocessors">Microprocessors</a> are miniaturized devices that often implement stored program <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU" title="CPU">CPUs</a>.</div> </div> </div> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">Vacuum tube</a>-based computers were in use throughout the 1950s, but were largely replaced in the 1960s by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a>-based devices, which were smaller, faster, cheaper, used less power and were more reliable. These factors allowed computers to be produced on an unprecedented commercial scale. By the 1970s, the adoption of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> technology and the subsequent creation of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a> such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_4004" title="Intel 4004">Intel 4004</a> caused another leap in size, speed, cost and reliability. By the 1980s, computers had become sufficiently small and cheap to replace simple mechanical controls in domestic appliances such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washing_machines" title="Washing machines">washing machines</a>. Around the same time, computers became widely accessible for personal use by individuals in the form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">home computers</a> and the now ubiquitous <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a>. In conjunction with the widespread growth of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> since the 1990s, personal computers are becoming as common as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> and almost all modern electronic devices contain a computer of some kind.<br /></p> <p><a name="Stored_program_architecture" id="Stored_program_architecture"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Stored program architecture</span></h2> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">Computer program</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Computer programming</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>The defining feature of modern computers which distinguishes them from all other machines is that they can be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">programmed</a>. That is to say that a list of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_%28computer_science%29" title="Instruction (computer science)">instructions</a> (the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">program</a>) can be given to the computer and it will store them and carry them out at some time in the future.</p> <p>In most cases, computer instructions are simple: add one number to another, move some data from one location to another, send a message to some external device, etc. These instructions are read from the computer's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storage" title="Computer storage">memory</a> and are generally carried out (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Execution_%28computers%29" title="Execution (computers)">executed</a>) in the order they were given. However, there are usually specialized instructions to tell the computer to jump ahead or backwards to some other place in the program and to carry on executing from there. These are called "jump" instructions (or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_%28computer_science%29" title="Branch (computer science)">branches</a>). Furthermore, jump instructions may be made to happen <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_statement" title="Conditional statement">conditionally</a> so that different sequences of instructions may be used depending on the result of some previous calculation or some external event. Many computers directly support <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subroutine" title="Subroutine">subroutines</a> by providing a type of jump that "remembers" the location it jumped from and another instruction to return to that point.</p> <p>Program execution might be likened to reading a book. While a person will normally read each word and line in sequence, they may at times jump back to an earlier place in the text or skip sections that are not of interest. Similarly, a computer may sometimes go back and repeat the instructions in some section of the program over and over again until some internal condition is met. This is called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_flow" title="Control flow">flow of control</a> within the program and it is what allows the computer to perform tasks repeatedly without human intervention.</p> <p>Comparatively, a person using a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">pocket calculator</a> can perform a basic arithmetic operation such as adding two numbers with just a few button presses. But to add together all of the numbers from 1 to 1,000 would take thousands of button presses and a lot of time—with a near certainty of making a mistake. On the other hand, a computer may be programmed to do this with just a few simple instructions. For example:</p> <pre> mov #0,sum ; set sum to 0<br /> mov #1,num ; set num to 1<br />loop: add num,sum ; add num to sum<br /> add #1,num ; add 1 to num<br /> cmp num,#1000 ; compare num to 1000<br /> ble loop ; if num <= 1000, go back to 'loop'<br /> halt ; end of program. stop running<br /></pre> <p>Once told to run this program, the computer will perform the repetitive addition task without further human intervention. It will almost never make a mistake and a modern PC can complete the task in about a millionth of a second.<sup id="_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_note-2" title="">[3]</a></sup></p> <p>However, computers cannot "think" for themselves in the sense that they only solve problems in exactly the way they are programmed to. An intelligent human faced with the above addition task might soon realize that instead of actually adding up all the numbers one can simply use the equation</p> <dl><dd><img class="tex" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/math/e/8/9/e89dfe566ae494ab19e7d79ffd3480f0.png" alt="1+2+3+...+n = {{n(n+1)} \over 2}" /></dd></dl> <p>and arrive at the correct answer (500,500) with little work. Many modern computers are able to make some decisions that speed up the execution of some programs by "guessing" about the outcomes of certain jump instructions and re-arranging the order of instructions slightly without changing their meaning (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_prediction" title="Branch prediction">branch prediction</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_execution" title="Speculative execution">speculative execution</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-order_execution" title="Out-of-order execution">out-of-order execution</a>). However, computers cannot intuitively determine a more efficient way to perform the task given to them because they do not have an overall understanding of what the task, or the "big picture", is.<sup id="_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_note-3" title="">[4]</a></sup> In other words, a computer programmed to add up the numbers one by one as in the example above would do exactly that without regard to efficiency or alternative solutions.</p> <p><a name="Programs" id="Programs"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Programs</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg" class="internal" title="A 1970s punched card containing one line from a FORTRAN program. The card reads: "Z(1) = Y + W(1)" and is labelled "PROJ039" for identification purposes."><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg/300px-FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg" alt="A 1970s punched card containing one line from a FORTRAN program. The card reads: "Z(1) = Y + W(1)" and is labelled "PROJ039" for identification purposes." longdesc="/wiki/Image:FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="144" width="300" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:FortranCardPROJ039.agr.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> A 1970s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punched_card" title="Punched card">punched card</a> containing one line from a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FORTRAN" title="FORTRAN">FORTRAN</a> program. The card reads: "Z(1) = Y + W(1)" and is labelled "PROJ039" for identification purposes.</div> </div> </div> <p>In practical terms, a <b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a></b> might include anywhere from a dozen instructions to many millions of instructions for something like a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processor</a> or a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>. A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions every second and nearly never make a mistake over years of operation.</p> <p>Large computer programs may take teams of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programmer" title="Computer programmer">computer programmers</a> years to write and the probability of the entire program having been written completely in the manner intended is unlikely. Errors in computer programs are called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">bugs</a>. Sometimes bugs are benign and do not affect the usefulness of the program, in other cases they might cause the program to completely fail (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crash_%28computing%29" title="Crash (computing)">crash</a>), in yet other cases there may be subtle problems. Sometimes otherwise benign bugs may be used for malicious intent, creating a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploit_%28computer_security%29" title="Exploit (computer security)">security exploit</a>. Bugs are usually not the fault of the computer. Since computers merely execute the instructions they are given, bugs are nearly always the result of programmer error or an oversight made in the program's design. <sup id="_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_note-4" title="">[5]</a></sup></p> <p>In most computers, individual instructions are stored as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a> with each instruction being given a unique number (its operation code or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opcode" title="Opcode">opcode</a> for short). The command to add two numbers together would have one opcode, the command to multiply them would have a different opcode and so on. The simplest computers are able to perform any of a handful of different instructions, the more complex computers have several hundred to choose from—each with a unique numerical code. Since the computer's memory is able to store numbers, it can also store the instruction codes. This leads to the important fact that entire programs (which are just lists of instructions) can be represented as lists of numbers and can themselves be manipulated inside the computer just as if they were numeric data. The fundamental concept of storing programs in the computer's memory alongside the data they operate on is the crux of the von Neumann, or stored program, architecture. In some cases, a computer might store some or all of its program in memory that is kept separate from the data it operates on. This is called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_architecture" title="Harvard architecture">Harvard architecture</a> after the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Harvard Mark I</a> computer. Modern von Neumann computers display some traits of the Harvard architecture in their designs, such as in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">CPU caches</a>.</p> <p>While it is possible to write computer programs as long lists of numbers (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_language" title="Machine language">machine language</a>) and this technique was used with many early computers,<sup id="_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_note-5" title="">[6]</a></sup> it is extremely tedious to do so in practice, especially for complicated programs. Instead, each basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function and easy to remember—a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> such as ADD, SUB, MULT or JUMP. These mnemonics are collectively known as a computer's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a>. Converting programs written in assembly language into something the computer can actually understand (machine language) is usually done by a computer program called an assembler. Machine languages and the assembly languages that represent them (collectively termed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low-level_programming_language" title="Low-level programming language">low-level programming languages</a>) tend to be unique to a particular type of computer. This means that an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture" title="ARM architecture">ARM architecture</a> computer (such as may be found in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">PDA</a> or a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_console_game" title="Handheld console game">hand-held videogame</a>) cannot understand the machine language of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Intel Pentium</a> or the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64" title="Athlon 64">AMD Athlon 64</a> computer that might be in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PC</a>.<sup id="_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_note-6" title="">[7]</a></sup></p> <p>Though considerably easier than in machine language, writing long programs in assembly language is often difficult and error prone. Therefore, most complicated programs are written in more abstract <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level programming languages</a> that are able to express the needs of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_programmer" title="Computer programmer">computer programmer</a> more conveniently (and thereby help reduce programmer error). High level languages are usually "compiled" into machine language (or sometimes into assembly language and then into machine language) using another computer program called a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a>.<sup id="_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_note-7" title="">[8]</a></sup> Since high level languages are more abstract than assembly language, it is possible to use different compilers to translate the same high level language program into the machine language of many different types of computer. This is part of the means by which software like video games may be made available for different computer architectures such as personal computers and various <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a>.</p> <p>The task of developing large software systems is an immense intellectual effort. It has proven, historically, to be very difficult to produce software with an acceptably high reliability, on a predictable schedule and budget. The academic and professional discipline of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">software engineering</a> concentrates specifically on this problem.</p> <p><a name="Example" id="Example"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Example</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:StoplightMexico.jpg" class="internal" title="A traffic light showing red."><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/81/StoplightMexico.jpg/180px-StoplightMexico.jpg" alt="A traffic light showing red." longdesc="/wiki/Image:StoplightMexico.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="135" width="180" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:StoplightMexico.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> A traffic light showing red.</div> </div> </div> <p>Suppose a computer is being employed to drive a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_light" title="Traffic light">traffic light</a>. A simple stored program might say:</p> <ol><li>Turn off all of the lights</li><li>Turn on the red light</li><li>Wait for sixty seconds</li><li>Turn off the red light</li><li>Turn on the green light</li><li>Wait for sixty seconds</li><li>Turn off the green light</li><li>Turn on the amber light</li><li>Wait for two seconds</li><li>Turn off the amber light</li><li>Jump to instruction number (2)</li></ol> <p>With this set of instructions, the computer would cycle the light continually through red, green, amber and back to red again until told to stop running the program.</p> <p>However, suppose there is a simple on/off <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switch" title="Switch">switch</a> connected to the computer that is intended be used to make the light flash red while some maintenance operation is being performed. The program might then instruct the computer to:</p> <ol><li>Turn off all of the lights</li><li>Turn on the red light</li><li>Wait for sixty seconds</li><li>Turn off the red light</li><li>Turn on the green light</li><li>Wait for sixty seconds</li><li>Turn off the green light</li><li>Turn on the amber light</li><li>Wait for two seconds</li><li>Turn off the amber light</li><li>If the maintenance switch is NOT turned on then jump to instruction number 2</li><li>Turn on the red light</li><li>Wait for one second</li><li>Turn off the red light</li><li>Wait for one second</li><li>Jump to instruction number 11</li></ol> <p>In this manner, the computer is either running the instructions from number (2) to (11) over and over or it's running the instructions from (11) down to (16) over and over, depending on the position of the switch.<sup id="_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_note-8" title="">[9]</a></sup></p> <p><a name="How_computers_work" id="How_computers_work"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">How computers work</span></h2> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>A general purpose computer has four main sections: the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_and_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic and logic unit">arithmetic and logic unit</a> (ALU), the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_unit" title="Control unit">control unit</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storage" title="Computer storage">memory</a>, and the input and output devices (collectively termed I/O). These parts are interconnected by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_bus" title="Computer bus">busses</a>, often made of groups of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wire" title="Wire">wires</a>.</p> <p>The control unit, ALU, registers, and basic I/O (and often other hardware closely linked with these) are collectively known as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">central processing unit</a> (CPU). Early CPUs were comprised of many separate components but since the mid-1970s CPUs have typically been constructed on a single <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> called a <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a></i>.</p> <p><a name="Control_unit" id="Control_unit"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Control unit</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_design" title="CPU design">CPU design</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_unit" title="Control unit">Control unit</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>The control unit (often called a control system or central controller) directs the various components of a computer. It reads and interprets (decodes) instructions in the program one by one. The control system decodes each instruction and turns it into a series of control signals that operate the other parts of the computer.<sup id="_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_note-9" title="">[10]</a></sup> Control systems in advanced computers may change the order of some instructions so as to improve performance.</p> <p>A key component common to all CPUs is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_counter" title="Program counter">program counter</a>, a special memory cell (a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Register" title="Register">register</a>) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from.<sup id="_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_note-10" title="">[11]</a></sup></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 302px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mips32_addi.svg" class="internal" title="Diagram showing how a particular MIPS architecture instruction would be decoded by the control system."><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2a/Mips32_addi.svg/300px-Mips32_addi.svg.png" alt="Diagram showing how a particular MIPS architecture instruction would be decoded by the control system." longdesc="/wiki/Image:Mips32_addi.svg" class="thumbimage" height="108" width="300" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mips32_addi.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Diagram showing how a particular <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS architecture</a> instruction would be decoded by the control system.</div> </div> </div> <p>The control system's function is as follows—note that this is a simplified description and some of these steps may be performed concurrently or in a different order depending on the type of CPU:</p> <ol><li>Read the code for the next instruction from the cell indicated by the program counter.</li><li>Decode the numerical code for the instruction into a set of commands or signals for each of the other systems.</li><li>Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction.</li><li>Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory (or perhaps from an input device). The location of this required data is typically stored within the instruction code.</li><li>Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register.</li><li>If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete, instruct the hardware to perform the requested operation.</li><li>Write the result from the ALU back to a memory location or to a register or perhaps an output device.</li><li>Jump back to step (1).</li></ol> <p>Since the program counter is (conceptually) just another set of memory cells, it can be changed by calculations done in the ALU. Adding 100 to the program counter would cause the next instruction to be read from a place 100 locations further down the program. Instructions that modify the program counter are often known as "jumps" and allow for loops (instructions that are repeated by the computer) and often conditional instruction execution (both examples of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_flow" title="Control flow">control flow</a>).</p> <p>It is noticeable that the sequence of operations that the control unit goes through to process an instruction is in itself like a short computer program - and indeed, in some more complex CPU designs, there is another yet smaller computer called a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsequencer" title="Microsequencer">microsequencer</a> that runs a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">microcode</a> program that causes all of these events to happen.</p> <p><a name="Arithmetic.2Flogic_unit_.28ALU.29" id="Arithmetic.2Flogic_unit_.28ALU.29"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Arithmetic/logic unit (ALU)</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">Arithmetic logic unit</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>The ALU is capable of performing two classes of operations: arithmetic and logic.</p> <p>The set of arithmetic operations that a particular ALU supports may be limited to adding and subtracting or might include multiplying or dividing, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometry</a> functions (sine, cosine, etc) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_root" title="Square root">square roots</a>. Some can only operate on whole numbers (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer" title="Integer">integers</a>) whilst others use <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_point" title="Floating point">floating point</a> to represent <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_number" title="Real number">real numbers</a>—albeit with limited precision. However, any computer that is capable of performing just the simplest operations can be programmed to break down the more complex operations into simple steps that it can perform. Therefore, any computer can be programmed to perform any arithmetic operation—although it will take more time to do so if its ALU does not directly support the operation. An ALU may also compare numbers and return <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_value" title="Logical value">boolean truth values</a> (true or false) depending on whether one is equal to, greater than or less than the other ("is 64 greater than 65?").</p> <p>Logic operations involve <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_algebra" title="Boolean algebra">boolean</a> logic: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_conjunction" title="Logical conjunction">AND</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_disjunction" title="Logical disjunction">OR</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_disjunction" title="Exclusive disjunction">XOR</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_negation" title="Logical negation">NOT</a>. These can be useful both for creating complicated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional_statement" title="Conditional statement">conditional statements</a> and processing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boolean_logic" title="Boolean logic">boolean logic</a>.</p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superscalar" title="Superscalar">Superscalar</a> computers contain multiple ALUs so that they can process several instructions at the same time. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processors</a> and computers with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIMD" title="SIMD">SIMD</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIMD" title="MIMD">MIMD</a> features often provide ALUs that can perform arithmetic on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_%28spatial%29" title="Vector (spatial)">vectors</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_%28mathematics%29" title="Matrix (mathematics)">matrices</a>.</p> <p><a name="Memory" id="Memory"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Memory</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_storage" title="Computer storage">Computer storage</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Magnetic_core.jpg" class="internal" title="Magnetic core memory was popular main memory for computers through the 1960s until it was completely replaced by semiconductor memory."><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Magnetic_core.jpg/180px-Magnetic_core.jpg" alt="Magnetic core memory was popular main memory for computers through the 1960s until it was completely replaced by semiconductor memory." longdesc="/wiki/Image:Magnetic_core.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="135" width="180" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Magnetic_core.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_core_memory" title="Magnetic core memory">Magnetic core memory</a> was popular main memory for computers through the 1960s until it was completely replaced by semiconductor memory.</div> </div> </div> <p>A computer's memory may be viewed as a list of cells into which numbers may be placed or read. Each cell has a numbered "address" and can store a single number. The computer may be instructed to "put the number 123 into the cell numbered 1357" or to "add the number that is in cell 1357 to the number that is in cell 2468 and put the answer into cell 1595". The information stored in memory may represent practically anything. Letters, numbers, even computer instructions may be placed into memory with equal ease. Since the CPU does not differentiate between different types of information, it is up to the software to give significance to what the memory sees as nothing but a series of numbers.</p> <p>In almost all modern computers, each memory cell is set up to store <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_number" title="Binary number">binary numbers</a> in groups of eight <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bit" title="Bit">bits</a> (called a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte" title="Byte">byte</a>). Each byte is able to represent 256 different numbers; either from 0 to 255 or -128 to +127. To store larger numbers, several consecutive bytes may be used (typically, two, four or eight). When negative numbers are required, they are usually stored in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement" title="Two's complement">two's complement</a> notation. Other arrangements are possible, but are usually not seen outside of specialized applications or historical contexts. A computer may store any kind of information in memory as long as it can be somehow represented in numerical form. Modern computers have billions or even trillions of bytes of memory.</p> <p>The CPU contains a special set of memory cells called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Processor_register" title="Processor register">registers</a> that can be read and written to much more rapidly than the main memory area. There are typically between two and one hundred registers depending on the type of CPU. Registers are used for the most frequently needed data items to avoid having to access main memory every time data is needed. Since data is constantly being worked on, reducing the need to access main memory (which is often slow compared to the ALU and control units) greatly increases the computer's speed.</p> <p>Computer main memory comes in two principal varieties: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_access_memory" title="Random access memory">random access memory</a> or RAM and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">read-only memory</a> or ROM. RAM can be read and written to anytime the CPU commands it, but ROM is pre-loaded with data and software that never changes, so the CPU can only read from it. ROM is typically used to store the computer's initial start-up instructions. In general, the contents of RAM is erased when the power to the computer is turned off while ROM retains its data indefinitely. In a PC, the ROM contains a specialized program called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> that orchestrates loading the computer's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> from the hard disk drive into RAM whenever the computer is turned on or reset. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_computer" title="Embedded computer">embedded computers</a>, which frequently do not have disk drives, all of the software required to perform the task may be stored in ROM. Software that is stored in ROM is often called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a> because it is notionally more like hardware than software. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> blurs the distinction between ROM and RAM by retaining data when turned off but being rewritable like RAM. However, flash memory is typically much slower than conventional ROM and RAM so its use is restricted to applications where high speeds are not required. <sup id="_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_note-11" title="">[12]</a></sup></p> <p>In more sophisticated computers there may be one or more RAM <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CPU_cache" title="CPU cache">cache memories</a> which are slower than registers but faster than main memory. Generally computers with this sort of cache are designed to move frequently needed data into the cache automatically, often without the need for any intervention on the programmer's part.</p> <p><a name="Input.2Foutput_.28I.2FO.29" id="Input.2Foutput_.28I.2FO.29"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Input/output (I/O)</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">Input/output</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:HDDspin.JPG" class="internal" title="Hard disks are common I/O devices used with computers."><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/HDDspin.JPG/180px-HDDspin.JPG" alt="Hard disks are common I/O devices used with computers." longdesc="/wiki/Image:HDDspin.JPG" class="thumbimage" height="120" width="180" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:HDDspin.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk" title="Hard disk">Hard disks</a> are common I/O devices used with computers.</div> </div> </div> <p>I/O is the means by which a computer receives information from the outside world and sends results back. Devices that provide input or output to the computer are called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripherals</a>. On a typical <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a>, peripherals include inputs like the keyboard and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a>, and outputs such as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">display</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_printer" title="Computer printer">printer</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk" title="Hard disk">Hard disks</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disks</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical discs</a> serve as both inputs and outputs. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networking" title="Computer networking">Computer networking</a> is another form of I/O.</p> <p>Practically any device that can be made to interface digitally may be used as I/O. The computer in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_Control_Unit" title="Engine Control Unit">Engine Control Unit</a> of a modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automobile" title="Automobile">automobile</a> might read the position of the pedals and steering wheel, the output of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen_sensor" title="Oxygen sensor">oxygen sensor</a> and devices that monitor the speed of each wheel. The output devices include the various lights and gauges that the driver sees as well as the engine controls such as the spark ignition circuits and fuel injection systems. In a digital wristwatch, the computer reads the buttons and causes numbers and symbols to be shown on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" title="Liquid crystal display">liquid crystal display</a>.</p> <p>Often, I/O devices are complex computers in their own right with their own CPU and memory. A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">graphics processing unit</a> might contain fifty or more tiny computers that perform the calculations necessary to display <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D graphics</a>. Modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop computers</a> contain many smaller computers that assist the main CPU in performing I/O.</p> <p><a name="Multitasking" id="Multitasking"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Multitasking</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_multitasking" title="Computer multitasking">Computer multitasking</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <p>While a computer may be viewed as running one gigantic program stored in its main memory, in some systems it is necessary to give the appearance of running several programs simultaneously. This is achieved by having the computer switch rapidly between running each program in turn. One means by which this is done is with a special signal called an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupt</a> which can periodically cause the computer to stop executing instructions where it was and do something else instead. By remembering where it was executing prior to the interrupt, the computer may return to that task later. If several programs are running "at the same time", then the interrupt generator may be causing several hundred interrupts per second, causing a program switch each time. Since modern computers typically execute instructions several orders of magnitude faster than human perception, many programs may seem to be running at the same time even though only one is ever executing in any given instant. This method of multitasking is sometimes termed "time-sharing" since each program is allocated a "slice" of time in turn.</p> <p>Before the era of cheap computers, the principle use for multitasking was to allow many people to share the same computer.</p> <p>Seemingly, multitasking would cause a computer that is switching between several programs to run more slowly - in direct proportion to the number of programs it is running. However, most programs spend much of their time waiting for slow input/output devices to complete their tasks. If a program is waiting for the user to click on the mouse or press a key on the keyboard, then it will not take a "time slice" until the event it is waiting for has occurred. This frees up time for other programs to execute so that many programs may be run at the same time without unacceptable speed loss.</p> <p><a name="Multiprocessing" id="Multiprocessing"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Multiprocessing</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint"><i>Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Cray_2_Arts_et_Metiers_dsc03940.jpg" class="internal" title="Cray designed many supercomputers that used multiprocessing heavily."><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Cray_2_Arts_et_Metiers_dsc03940.jpg/180px-Cray_2_Arts_et_Metiers_dsc03940.jpg" alt="Cray designed many supercomputers that used multiprocessing heavily." longdesc="/wiki/Image:Cray_2_Arts_et_Metiers_dsc03940.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="135" width="180" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Cray_2_Arts_et_Metiers_dsc03940.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cray" title="Cray">Cray</a> designed many supercomputers that used multiprocessing heavily.</div> </div> </div> <p>Some computers may divide their work between one or more separate CPUs, creating a multiprocessing configuration. Traditionally, this technique was utilized only in large and powerful computers such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_%28computing%29" title="Server (computing)">servers</a>. However, multiprocessor and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-core_%28computing%29" title="Multi-core (computing)">multi-core</a> (multiple CPUs on a single integrated circuit) personal and laptop computers have become widely available and are beginning to see increased usage in lower-end markets as a result.</p> <p>Supercomputers in particular often have highly unique architectures that differ significantly from the basic stored-program architecture and from general purpose computers.<sup id="_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_note-12" title="">[13]</a></sup> They often feature thousands of CPUs, customized high-speed interconnects, and specialized computing hardware. Such designs tend to be useful only for specialized tasks due to the large scale of program organization required to successfully utilize most of a the available resources at once. Supercomputers usually see usage in large-scale <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">simulation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendering_%28computer_graphics%29" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">graphics rendering</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a> applications, as well as with other so-called "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarrassingly_parallel" title="Embarrassingly parallel">embarrassingly parallel</a>" tasks.</p> <p><a name="Networking_and_the_Internet" id="Networking_and_the_Internet"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Networking and the Internet</span></h3> <dl><dd> <div class="noprint"><i>Main articles: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networking" title="Computer networking">Computer networking</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></i></div> </dd></dl> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Internet_map_1024.jpg" class="internal" title="Visualization of a portion of the routes on the Internet."><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d2/Internet_map_1024.jpg/180px-Internet_map_1024.jpg" alt="Visualization of a portion of the routes on the Internet." longdesc="/wiki/Image:Internet_map_1024.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="180" width="180" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Internet_map_1024.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Visualization of a portion of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing" title="Routing">routes</a> on the Internet.</div> </div> </div> <p>Computers have been used to coordinate information in multiple locations since the 1950s, with the US military's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi_Automatic_Ground_Environment" title="Semi Automatic Ground Environment">SAGE</a> system the first large-scale example of such a system, which led to a number of special-purpose commercial systems like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabre_%28computer_system%29" title="Sabre (computer system)">Sabre</a>.</p> <p>In the 1970s, computer engineers at research institutions throughout the US began to link their computers together using telecommunications technology. This effort was funded by ARPA (now <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>), and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a> that it produced was called the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency_Network" title="Advanced Research Projects Agency Network">ARPANET</a>. The technologies that made the Arpanet possible spread and evolved. In time, the network spread beyond academic and military institutions and became known as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. The emergence of networking involved a redefinition of the nature and boundaries of the computer. In the words of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gage" title="John Gage">John Gage</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a> (of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>), "the network is the computer". Computer operating systems and applications were modified to include the ability to define and access the resources of other computers on the network, such as peripheral devices, stored information, and the like, as extensions of the resources of an individual computer. Initially these facilities were available primarily to people working in high-tech environments, but in the 1990s the spread of applications like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" title="E-mail">e-mail</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>, combined with the development of cheap, fast networking technologies like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL">ADSL</a> saw computer networking become ubiquitous almost everywhere. In fact, the number of computers that are networked is growing phenomenally. A very large proportion of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computers" title="Personal computers">personal computers</a> regularly connect to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> to communicate and receive information. "Wireless" networking, often utilizing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> networks, has meant networking is becoming increasingly ubiquitous even in mobile computing environments.</p> <p><a name="Further_topics" id="Further_topics"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Further topics</span></h2> <p><a name="Hardware" id="Hardware"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Hardware</span></h3> <p>The term <b>hardware</b> covers all of those parts of a computer that are tangible objects. Circuits, displays, power supplies, cables, keyboards, printers and mice are all hardware.</p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></b></caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="2">First Generation (Mechanical/Electromechanical)</td> <td>Calculators</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikythera_mechanism" title="Antikythera mechanism">Antikythera mechanism</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_Engine" title="Difference Engine">Difference Engine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norden_bombsight" title="Norden bombsight">Norden bombsight</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Programmable Devices</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacquard_loom" title="Jacquard loom">Jacquard loom</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_Engine" title="Analytical Engine">Analytical Engine</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digi-Comp_I" title="Digi-Comp I">Digi-Comp I</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digi-Comp_II" title="Digi-Comp II">Digi-Comp II</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geniac" title="Geniac">Geniac</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Harvard Mark I</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z3" title="Z3">Z3</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Second Generation (Vacuum Tubes)</td> <td>Calculators</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasoff-Berry_Computer" title="Atanasoff-Berry Computer">Atanasoff-Berry Computer</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Programmable Devices</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDSAC" title="EDSAC">EDSAC</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDVAC" title="EDVAC">EDVAC</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIVAC_I" title="UNIVAC I">UNIVAC I</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Third Generation (Discrete transistors and SSI, MSI, LSI <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuits" title="Integrated circuits">Integrated circuits</a>)</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">Mainframes</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System/360" title="System/360">System/360</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BUNCH" title="BUNCH">BUNCH</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">Minicomputer</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-8" title="PDP-8">PDP-8</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System/32" title="System/32">System/32</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System/36" title="System/36">System/36</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9">Fourth Generation (VLSI integrated circuits)</td> <td>Minicomputer</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VAX" title="VAX">VAX</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_System_i" title="IBM System i">AS/400</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-bit" title="4-bit">4-bit</a> microcomputer</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_4004" title="Intel 4004">Intel 4004</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_4040" title="Intel 4040">Intel 4040</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8-bit" title="8-bit">8-bit</a> microcomputer</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8008" title="Intel 8008">Intel 8008</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">Intel 8080</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6800" title="Motorola 6800">Motorola 6800</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorola_6809" title="Motorola 6809">Motorola 6809</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOS_Technology_6502" title="MOS Technology 6502">MOS Technology 6502</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog_Z80" title="Zilog Z80">Zilog Z80</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16-bit" title="16-bit">16-bit</a> microcomputer</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8088" title="8088">8088</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zilog_Z8000" title="Zilog Z8000">Zilog Z8000</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDC_65816/65802" title="WDC 65816/65802">WDC 65816/65802</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/32-bit" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> microcomputer</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/80386" title="80386">80386</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentium</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68000" title="68000">68000</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture" title="ARM architecture">ARM architecture</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64-bit" title="64-bit">64-bit</a> microcomputer <sup id="_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_note-13" title="">[14]</a></sup></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded computer</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8048" title="8048">8048</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8051" title="8051">8051</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal computer</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">Desktop computer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">Home computer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop_computer" title="Laptop computer">Laptop computer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">Personal digital assistant</a> (PDA), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">Portable computer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet computer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable computer</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_%28computing%29" title="Server (computing)">Server class computer</a></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Theoretical/experimental</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_computer" title="Quantum computer">Quantum computer</a></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_computer" title="Chemical computer">Chemical computer</a></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_computing" title="DNA computing">DNA computing</a></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_computer" title="Optical computer">Optical computer</a></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Other Hardware Topics</b></caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral device</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">Input/output</a>)</td> <td>Input</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">Mouse</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">Keyboard</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joystick" title="Joystick">Joystick</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Image scanner</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Output</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor" title="Monitor">Monitor</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_printer" title="Computer printer">Printer</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Both</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk_drive" title="Floppy disk drive">Floppy disk drive</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_disk" title="Hard disk">Hard disk</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a> drive, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_bus" title="Computer bus">Computer busses</a></td> <td>Short range</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Long range (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_networking" title="Computer networking">Computer networking</a>)</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">ATM</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_distributed_data_interface" title="Fiber distributed data interface">FDDI</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><a name="Software" id="Software"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Software</span></h3> <p><b>Software</b> refers to parts of the computer that have no material form; programs, data, protocols, etc are all software. When software is stored in hardware that cannot easily be modified (such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM" title="ROM">ROM</a> in an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a>), it is sometimes termed firmware to indicate that it falls into an area of uncertainty between hardware and software.</p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_software" title="Computer software">Computer software</a></b></caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNIX_System_V" title="UNIX System V">UNIX System V</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIX_operating_system" title="AIX operating system">AIX</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solaris_Operating_System" title="Solaris Operating System">Solaris</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a>), <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIX" title="IRIX">IRIX</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Linux_distributions" title="List of Linux distributions">List of Linux distributions</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Linux_distributions" title="Comparison of Linux distributions">Comparison of Linux distributions</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">Windows 9x</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_CE" title="Windows CE">Windows CE</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QDOS" title="QDOS">QDOS</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC-DOS" title="PC-DOS">PC-DOS</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FreeDOS" title="FreeDOS">FreeDOS</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS" title="Mac OS">Mac OS</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS" title="Mac OS">Mac OS classic</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Embedded</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">real-time</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_operating_systems#Embedded" title="List of operating systems">List of embedded operating systems</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Experimental</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoeba_distributed_operating_system" title="Amoeba distributed operating system">Amoeba</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberon_operating_system" title="Oberon operating system">Oberon</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluebottle_OS" title="Bluebottle OS">Bluebottle</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_9_from_Bell_Labs" title="Plan 9 from Bell Labs">Plan 9 from Bell Labs</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_%28computing%29" title="Library (computing)">Library</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">Multimedia</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirectX" title="DirectX">DirectX</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenGL" title="OpenGL">OpenGL</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenAL" title="OpenAL">OpenAL</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Programming library</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_%28computing%29" title="Data (computing)">Data</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_%28computing%29" title="Protocol (computing)">Protocol</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCP/IP" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit_%28protocol%29" title="Kermit (protocol)">Kermit</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTP" title="FTP">FTP</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMTP" title="SMTP">SMTP</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_format" title="File format">File format</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPEG" title="MPEG">MPEG</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PNG" title="PNG">PNG</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">User interface</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">Graphical user interface</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIMP_%28computing%29" title="WIMP (computing)">WIMP</a>)</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNOME" title="GNOME">GNOME</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX Photon</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Desktop_Environment" title="Common Desktop Environment">CDE</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_Environment_Manager" title="Graphical Environment Manager">GEM</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_user_interface" title="Text user interface">Text user interface</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_line_interface" title="Command line interface">Command line interface</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_%28computing%29" title="Shell (computing)">shells</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Other</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application" title="Application">Application</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_suite" title="Office suite">Office suite</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_processing" title="Word processing">Word processing</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">Desktop publishing</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presentation_program" title="Presentation program">Presentation program</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Database_management_system" title="Database management system">Database management system</a>, Scheduling & Time management, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spreadsheet" title="Spreadsheet">Spreadsheet</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accounting_software" title="Accounting software">Accounting software</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> Access</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browser" title="Browser">Browser</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail_client" title="E-mail client">E-mail client</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_server" title="Web server">Web server</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_transfer_agent" title="Mail transfer agent">Mail transfer agent</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Design and manufacturing</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">Computer-aided design</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-aided_manufacturing" title="Computer-aided manufacturing">Computer-aided manufacturing</a>, Plant management, Robotic manufacturing, Supply chain management</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphics_editor" title="Raster graphics editor">Raster graphics editor</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics_editor" title="Vector graphics editor">Vector graphics editor</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_modeler" title="3D modeler">3D modeler</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animation_software" title="Animation software">Animation editor</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D computer graphics</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_editing" title="Video editing">Video editing</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_processing" title="Image processing">Image processing</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Audio</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio_editor" title="Digital audio editor">Digital audio editor</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audio_player_%28software%29" title="Audio player (software)">Audio playback</a>, Mixing, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Audio synthesis</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_Engineering" title="Software Engineering">Software Engineering</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">Compiler</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language#Assembler" title="Assembly language">Assembler</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter_%28computing%29" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">Debugger</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Text_Editor" title="Text Editor">Text Editor</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_analysis" title="Performance analysis">Performance analysis</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revision_control" title="Revision control">Revision control</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Educational</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edutainment" title="Edutainment">Edutainment</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_game" title="Educational game">Educational game</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_game" title="Serious game">Serious game</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_simulator" title="Flight simulator">Flight simulator</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_and_video_games" title="Computer and video games">Games</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strategy_game" title="Strategy game">Strategy</a>, Arcade, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_puzzle_game" title="Computer puzzle game">Puzzle</a>, Simulation, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">First-person shooter</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_game" title="Platform game">Platform</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_game" title="Massively multiplayer online game">Massively multiplayer</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_fiction" title="Interactive fiction">Interactive fiction</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Misc</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antivirus_software" title="Antivirus software">Antivirus software</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malware_scanner" title="Malware scanner">Malware scanner</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installer" title="Installer">Installer</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Package_management_system" title="Package management system">Package management systems</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_manager" title="File manager">File manager</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><a name="Programming_languages" id="Programming_languages"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Programming languages</span></h3> <p>Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural languages</a>, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They are purely written languages and are often difficult to read aloud. They are generally either translated into <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_language" title="Machine language">machine language</a> by a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> or an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language#Assembler" title="Assembly language">assembler</a> before being run, or translated directly at run time by an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter" title="Interpreter">interpreter</a>. Sometimes programs are executed by a hybrid method of the two techniques. There are thousands of different programming languages—some intended to be general purpose, others useful only for highly specialized applications.</p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_Languages" title="Programming Languages">Programming Languages</a></b></caption> <tbody><tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_programming_languages" title="List of programming languages">Lists of programming languages</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Timeline of programming languages</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_list_of_programming_languages" title="Categorical list of programming languages">Categorical list of programming languages</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generational_list_of_programming_languages" title="Generational list of programming languages">Generational list of programming languages</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabetical_list_of_programming_languages" title="Alphabetical list of programming languages">Alphabetical list of programming languages</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_esoteric_programming_languages" title="List of esoteric programming languages">List of esoteric programming languages</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-English-based_programming_languages" title="Non-English-based programming languages">Non-English-based programming languages</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Commonly used <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">Assembly languages</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARM_architecture" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIPS_architecture" title="MIPS architecture">MIPS</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86_assembly_language" title="X86 assembly language">x86</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Commonly used <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_level_language" title="High level language">High level languages</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_%28programming_language%29" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp" title="C Sharp">C#</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortran" title="Fortran">Fortran</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisp_%28programming_language%29" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_%28programming_language%29" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">Commonly used <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">Scripting languages</a></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_%28programming_language%29" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruby_%28programming_language%29" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><a name="Professions_and_organizations" id="Professions_and_organizations"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Professions and organizations</span></h3> <p>As the use of computers has spread throughout society, there are an increasing number of careers involving computers. Following the theme of hardware, software and firmware, the brains of people who work in the industry are sometimes known irreverently as wetware or "meatware".</p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Computer-related professions</b></caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Hardware-related</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">Electrical engineering</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics_engineering" title="Electronics engineering">Electronics engineering</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_engineering" title="Telecommunications engineering">Telecommunications engineering</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_engineering" title="Optical engineering">Optical engineering</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanoscale_engineering" title="Nanoscale engineering">Nanoscale engineering</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Software-related</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human-computer_interaction" title="Human-computer interaction">Human-computer interaction</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_analyst" title="Systems analyst">Systems analyst</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_design" title="Web design">Web design</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p>The need for computers to work well together and to be able to exchange information has spawned the need for many standards organizations, clubs and societies of both a formal and informal nature.</p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Organizations</b></caption> <tbody><tr> <td>Standards groups</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_National_Standards_Institute" title="American National Standards Institute">ANSI</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">IEEE</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td>Professional Societies</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">ACM</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:ACM_Special_Interest_Groups" title="Category:ACM Special Interest Groups">ACM Special Interest Groups</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institution_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Institution of Engineering and Technology">IET</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IFIP" title="IFIP">IFIP</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">Free</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a> software groups</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozilla_Foundation" title="Mozilla Foundation">Mozilla Foundation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation" title="Apache Software Foundation">Apache Software Foundation</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">See also</span></h2> <div class="infobox sisterproject" style="float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"> <div class="floatnone"><span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png" class="image" title=""><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wiktionary-logo-en.png/50px-Wiktionary-logo-en.png" alt="" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png" height="54" width="50" /></a></span></div> </div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Look up <i><b><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/computer" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/computer">Computer</a></b></i> in<br /><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</div> </div> <div class="infobox sisterproject"> <div class="floatleft"><span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wikiquote-logo-en.png" class="image" title=" "><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Wikiquote-logo-en.png/50px-Wikiquote-logo-en.png" alt=" " longdesc="/wiki/Image:Wikiquote-logo-en.png" height="50" width="50" /></a></span></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikiquote" title="Wikiquote">Wikiquote</a> has a collection of quotations related to: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Computers" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Computers">Computers</a></b></i></div> </div> </div> <div class="infobox sisterproject"> <div class="floatleft"><span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Commons-logo.svg" class="image" title=" "><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png" alt=" " longdesc="/wiki/Image:Commons-logo.svg" height="67" width="50" /></a></span></div> <div style="margin-left: 60px;">Wikimedia Commons has media related to: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><i><b><a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Computer" class="extiw" title="commons:Computer">Computer</a></b></i></div> </div> </div> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computability_theory_%28computation%29" title="Computability theory (computation)">Computability theory</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">Computing</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computers_in_fiction" title="Computers in fiction">Computers in fiction</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Computer security</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_insecurity" title="Computer insecurity">Computer insecurity</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computer_term_etymologies" title="List of computer term etymologies">List of computer term etymologies</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtualization" title="Virtualization">Virtualization</a></li></ul> <p><a name="Notes" id="Notes"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Notes</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"><li id="_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_ref-0" title="">^</a></b> In 1946, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ENIAC" title="ENIAC">ENIAC</a> consumed an estimated 174 kW. By comparison, a typical personal computer may use around 400 W; over four hundred times less. <span class="reference" id="ref_kempf1961a"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#endnote_kempf1961a" title="">(Kempf 1961)</a></span></li><li id="_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_ref-1" title="">^</a></b> The Analytical Engine should not be confused with Babbage's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_engine" title="Difference engine">difference engine</a> which was a non-programmable mechanical calculator.</li><li id="_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_ref-2" title="">^</a></b> This program was designed for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputer</a> and shows some typical things a computer can do. All the text after the semicolons are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comment_%28computer_programming%29" title="Comment (computer programming)">comments</a> for the benefit of human readers. These have no significance to the computer and are ignored. <span class="reference" id="ref_digital1972a"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#endnote_digital1972a" title="">(Digital Equipment Corporation 1972)</a></span></li><li id="_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_ref-3" title="">^</a></b> Attempts are often made to create programs that can overcome this fundamental limitation of computers. Software that mimics learning and adaptation is part of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>.</li><li id="_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_ref-4" title="">^</a></b> It is not universally true that bugs are solely due to programmer oversight. Computer hardware may fail or may itself have a fundamental problem that produces unexpected results in certain situations. For instance, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium_FDIV_bug" title="Pentium FDIV bug">Pentium FDIV bug</a> caused some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessors</a> in the early 1990s to produce inaccurate results for certain <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_point" title="Floating point">floating point</a> division operations. This was caused by a flaw in the microprocessor design and resulted in a partial recall of the affected devices.</li><li id="_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_ref-5" title="">^</a></b> Even some later computers were commonly programmed directly in machine code. Some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputers</a> like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDP-8" title="PDP-8">PDP-8</a> could be programmed directly from a panel of switches. However, this method was usually used only as part of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">booting</a> process. Most modern computers boot entirely automatically by reading a boot program from some <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">non-volatile memory</a>.</li><li id="_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_ref-6" title="">^</a></b> However, there is sometimes some form of machine language compatibility between different computers. An <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X86-64" title="X86-64">x86-64</a> compatible microprocessor like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices" title="Advanced Micro Devices">AMD</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athlon_64" title="Athlon 64">Athlon 64</a> is able to run most of the same programs that an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_Core_2" title="Intel Core 2">Intel Core 2</a> microprocessor can, as well as programs designed for earlier microprocessors like the Intel <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentium" title="Pentium">Pentiums</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_80486" title="Intel 80486">Intel 80486</a>. This contrasts with very early commercial computers, which were often one-of-a-kind and totally incompatible with other computers.</li><li id="_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_ref-7" title="">^</a></b> High level languages are also often <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreted_language" title="Interpreted language">interpreted</a> rather than compiled. Interpreted languages are translated into machine code on the fly by another program called an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreter_%28computing%29" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreter</a>.</li><li id="_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_ref-8" title="">^</a></b> Although this is a simple program, it contains a <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_bug" title="Software bug">software bug</a></i>. If the traffic signal is showing red when someone switches the "flash red" switch, it will cycle through green once more before starting to flash red as instructed. This bug is quite easy to fix by changing the program to repeatedly test the switch throughout each "wait" period—but writing large programs that have no bugs is exceedingly difficult.</li><li id="_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_ref-9" title="">^</a></b> The control unit's rule in interpreting instructions has varied somewhat in the past. While the control unit is solely responsible for instruction interpretation in most modern computers, this is not always the case. Many computers include some instructions that may only be partially interpreted by the control system and partially interpreted by another device. This is especially the case with specialized computing hardware that may be partially self-contained. For example, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDVAC" title="EDVAC">EDVAC</a>, the first modern stored program computer to be designed, used a central control unit that only interpreted four instructions. All of the arithmetic-related instructions were passed on to its arithmetic unit and further decoded there.</li><li id="_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_ref-10" title="">^</a></b> Instructions often occupy more than one memory address, so the program counters usually increases by the number of memory locations required to store one instruction.</li><li id="_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_ref-11" title="">^</a></b> Flash memory also may only be rewritten a limited number of times before wearing out, making it less useful for heavy random access usage. <span class="reference" id="ref_verma1988a"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#endnote_verma1988a" title="">(Verma 1988)</a></span></li><li id="_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_ref-12" title="">^</a></b> However, it is also very common to construct supercomputers out of many pieces of cheap commodity hardware; usually individual computers connected by networks. These so-called <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">computer clusters</a> can often provide supercomputer performance at a much lower cost than customized designs. While custom architectures are still used for most of the most powerful supercomputers, there has been a proliferation of cluster computers in recent years. <span class="reference" id="ref_top5002006a"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#endnote_top5002006a" title="">(TOP500 2006)</a></span></li><li id="_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer#_ref-13" title="">^</a></b> Most major 64-bit <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instruction_set_architecture" title="Instruction set architecture">instruction set architectures</a> are extensions of earlier designs. All of the architectures listed in this table existed in 32-bit forms before their 64-bit incarnations were introduced.</li></ol> </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7017443809156893070.post-34691245725677335192007-02-24T05:59:00.000-08:002007-02-24T06:01:24.445-08:00amitabh bachan<h2><span class="mw-headline">Personal life</span></h2> <p>Amitabh Bachchan was born in the city of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to mother Teji and father Harivansh Rai Bachchan. Dr.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harivansh_Rai_Bachchan" title="Harivansh Rai Bachchan">Harivansh Rai Bachchan</a> was a well-known poet of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>. Though his surname was Srivastav, he adopted the pen-name Bachchan, under which was published all his work. It is with this last name that Amitabh debuted in films, and, for all public purposes, it has become the surname of all members of the current family. His mother is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikh" title="Sikh">Sikh</a>, born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, India; his father was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a> from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, hence popularly known as an 'UPite'.</p> <p>Bachchan attended <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allahabad" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>'s Boys' High School, followed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nainital" title="Nainital">Nainital</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherwood_College" title="Sherwood College">Sherwood College</a>, where he majored in the art stream. He later went on to study at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirori_Mal_College" title="Kirori Mal College">Kirori Mal College</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_University" title="Delhi University">Delhi University</a> earning a degree in science. In his twenties, Bachchan gave up a job as freight broker for the shipping firm, Bird and Co., based in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, to pursue a career in acting.</p> <p>He is married to actress <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaya_Bachchan" title="Jaya Bachchan">Jaya Bachchan</a> (née Bhaduri). The couple have two children: daughter, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shweta_Bachchan-Nanda" title="Shweta Bachchan-Nanda">Shweta</a> and son, Abhishek. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhishek_Bachchan" title="Abhishek Bachchan">Abhishek Bachchan</a> is also an Indian-film actor.</p> <p>In 1984, Amitabh briefly entered politics in support of long-time family friend, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>. He contested Allahabad's Parliament seat against H. N. Bahuguna, a well-known politician, and won by a large margin (68.2% of the vote).<sup id="_ref-election_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachchan%2C_Amitabh#_note-election" title="">[1]</a></sup> His political career, however, was short-lived: He resigned after three years, leaving his term incomplete. The resignation followed Bachchan's implication in the '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofors_scandal" title="Bofors scandal">Bofors scandal</a>' by a newspaper, which he vowed to take to court.<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachchan%2C_Amitabh#_note-0" title="">[2]</a></sup> Bachchan was eventually found not to be guilty of involvement in the ordeal. <sup class="noprint">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources" style="white-space: nowrap;">citation needed</span></i></a>]</sup></p> <p><a name="Early_film_career" id="Early_film_career"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amitabh_Bachchan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early film career">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Early film career</span></h2> <p>Amitabh Bachchan made his film debut in 1969 as one of seven leads in the film, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saat_Hindustani_%281969_film%29" title="Saat Hindustani (1969 film)">Saat Hindustani</a></i>. The movie was not a financial success, but there was little doubt of the promise he held when the performance won him his first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award" title="National Film Award">National Film Award</a>. <a href="http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1905623.cms" class="external autonumber" title="http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1905623.cms" rel="nofollow">[1]</a> The critically acclaimed <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_%28film%29" title="Anand (film)">Anand</a></i> (1970) followed, where he starred alongside the reigning superstar of the industry, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajesh_Khanna" title="Rajesh Khanna">Rajesh Khanna</a></i>. Bachchan held his own, and won a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Best_Supporting_Actor_Award" title="Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award">Filmfare Best Supporting Actor Award</a> for his intense performance.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Amitabh_zanjeer.jpg" class="internal" title="Amitabh Bachchan in Zanjeer (1973)"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a9/Amitabh_zanjeer.jpg/200px-Amitabh_zanjeer.jpg" alt="Amitabh Bachchan in Zanjeer (1973)" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Amitabh_zanjeer.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="116" width="200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Amitabh_zanjeer.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Amitabh Bachchan in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanjeer" title="Zanjeer">Zanjeer</a></i> (1973)</div> </div> </div> <p><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand" title="Anand">Anand</a></i> was followed by unsuccessful films such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reshma_Aur_Shera" title="Reshma Aur Shera">Reshma Aur Shera</a></i> (1971) and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parwaana" title="Parwaana">Parwaana</a></i> (1971). Then came 1973, and the start of the road towards the iconic status he would eventually come to hold for millions worldwide.</p> <p>Bachchan's first box office success came when director <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prakash_Mehra" title="Prakash Mehra">Prakash Mehra</a> cast him as the protagonist in his film, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanjeer" title="Zanjeer">Zanjeer</a></i>. The movie was a sharp contrast to the romantic-themed ones that had generally preceded it, and established Amitabh in a new persona - the "Angry young man" of Bollywood. The next decade catapulted him to the pinnacle of Bollywood superstardom. He churned out at least one major hit every year, including <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deewaar" title="Deewaar">Deewaar</a></i> (1975), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholay_%281975_film%29" title="Sholay (1975 film)">Sholay</a></i> (1975) , <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trishul_%28film%29" title="Trishul (film)">Trishul</a></i> (1978), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddar_Ka_Sikander" title="Muqaddar Ka Sikander">Muqaddar Ka Sikander</a></i> (1978), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_%281978_film%29" title="Don (1978 film)">Don</a></i> (1978), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasme_Vaade" title="Kasme Vaade">Kasme Vaade</a></i> (1978), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaala_Patthar" title="Kaala Patthar">Kaala Patthar</a></i> (1979) and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawaaris" title="Lawaaris">Lawaaris</a></i> (1981). These films cemented his image as the "angry young man".</p> <p>As his success grew, Amitabh displayed a flair for more than just action roles. His remarkable comic timing was on display in such hits as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupke_Chupke" title="Chupke Chupke">Chupke Chupke</a></i> (1975), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar_Akbar_Anthony" title="Amar Akbar Anthony">Amar Akbar Anthony</a></i> (1977) <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_Aur_Do_Paanch&action=edit" class="new" title="Do Aur Do Paanch">Do Aur Do Paanch</a></i> (1980), and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namak_Halaal" title="Namak Halaal">Namak Halaal</a></i> (1982). He was also successful as a romantic lead, with particularly notable performances in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhie_Kabhie" title="Kabhie Kabhie">Kabhie Kabhie</a></i> (1976) and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silsila" title="Silsila">Silsila</a></i> (1981). The latter was notorious for its tinges of real-life, starring as he did alongside his then-wife <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaya_Bachchan" title="Jaya Bachchan">Jaya Bachchan</a></i>, and rumored flame <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekha" title="Rekha">Rekha</a></i>.</p> <p>While filming <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolie_%28film%29" title="Coolie (film)">Coolie</a></i> in 1982, Bachchan was seriously injured during the filming of a fight scene with co-star <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puneet_Issar&action=edit" class="new" title="Puneet Issar">Puneet Issar</a>.<a href="http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/11amit.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/11amit.htm" rel="nofollow">[2]</a>. He was in the hospital with a ruptured intestine for months, and at times was close to death. A remarkable outpouring of support and concern by his fans and the nation in general followed. After recovering, Bachchan resumed shooting for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolie_%28film%29" title="Coolie (film)">Coolie</a></i>, and it finally released as a huge success owing to its pre-release publicity.<a href="http://www.boxofficeindia.com/80-89.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.boxofficeindia.com/80-89.htm" rel="nofollow">[3]</a></p> <p>The director, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_Desai" title="Manmohan Desai">Manmohan Desai</a> altered the ending for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolie_%28film%29" title="Coolie (film)">Coolie</a></i> after Bachchan's accident. Bachchan's character was originally intended to have been killed off but after the change of script, the character lived in the end. It would have been inappropriate, said Desai, for the man who had just fended off death in real life to be killed on screen as well. Also, remarkably, in the released film the footage of the fight scene is frozen at the critical moment, and a caption appears onscreen marking this as the instant of the actor's injury and the ensuing publicity of the accident.<a href="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0085361/trivia" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0085361/trivia" rel="nofollow">[4]</a></p> <p><a name="Later_film_career" id="Later_film_career"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amitabh_Bachchan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later film career">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Later film career</span></h2> <p>Amitabh Bachchan reigned supreme from the 70s through to the mid-1980s, and was by far the dominant figure in Bollywood. Starting in 1988, however, his star began to wane as all of his films failed at the box office. The 1991 hit film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_%28film%29" title="Hum (film)">Hum</a></i> looked like it might reverse this trend, but the momentum was short-lived. Notably, despite the lack of hits, it was during this period that Bachchan won his second <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Award" title="National Film Award">National Film Award</a>, for his memorable performance as a Mafia don in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukul_S._Anand" title="Mukul S. Anand">Mukul S. Anand</a>'s 1990 film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agneepath" title="Agneepath">Agneepath</a></i>. These years would be the last he would be seen on screen for some time. After the release of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khuda_Gawah&action=edit" class="new" title="Khuda Gawah">Khuda Gawah</a></i> in 1992, Bachchan went into semi-retirement for five years.</p> <p>In 1997, he attempted to make his comeback with the film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrityudaata" title="Mrityudaata">Mrityudaata</a></i>, produced by his own company, Amitabh Bachchan Corporation, Ltd. (A.B.C.L.), which he had founded during his temporary retirement. It attempted to reprise his earlier success as an action hero, but, along with most of his other ventures during this period, was a failure both critically and financially. He did later score a box office hit with <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bade_Miyan_Chote_Miyan" title="Bade Miyan Chote Miyan">Bade Miyan Chote Miyan</a></i> (1998) and received positive reviews for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooryavansham" title="Sooryavansham">Sooryavansham</a></i> (1999) but most, however, now believed that Amitabh Bachchan's glory days were over.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Amitabh.JPG" class="internal" title="Amitabh Bachchan's return as a superstar on KBC"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Amitabh.JPG/180px-Amitabh.JPG" alt="Amitabh Bachchan's return as a superstar on KBC" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Amitabh.JPG" class="thumbimage" height="173" width="180" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Amitabh.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Amitabh Bachchan's return as a superstar on KBC</div> </div> </div> <p>In the year 2000, Bachchan stepped up to host India's adaptation of the British television game-show, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Wants_to_Be_a_Millionaire%3F" title="Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?">Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?</a></i> entitled, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaun_Banega_Crorepati" title="Kaun Banega Crorepati">Kaun Banega Crorepati</a></i>. As it did in most other countries by which it was adopted, the program found immediate and profound success, in no small part due to Bachchan's charisma.</p> <p>That same year, Bachchan appeared in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yash_Chopra" title="Yash Chopra">Yash Chopra</a>'s box-office hit, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohabbatein" title="Mohabbatein">Mohabbatein</a></i>, in which he played a stern, older figure, rival to the character of India's new hearthrob, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan" title="Shah Rukh Khan">Shah Rukh Khan</a>. Audiences appreciated this new, more age-befitting style. Other hits followed, with Bachchan appearing as an older patriarch in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ek_Rishta&action=edit" class="new" title="Ek Rishta">Ek Rishta</a></i> (2001), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhi_Khushi_Kabhie_Gham" title="Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham">Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham</a></i> (2001) and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></i> (2003). As an actor, he continued to exploit his range, receiving critical acclaim for his performances in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aks" title="Aks">Aks</a></i> (2001), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khakee" title="Khakee">Khakee</a></i> (2004), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev_%28film%29" title="Dev (film)">Dev</a></i> (2004) and most notably <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_%28film%29" title="Black (film)">Black</a></i> (2005). Taking advantage of this resurgence, Amitabh started endorsing a variety of products and services, appearing in many television and billboard advertisements.</p> <p>Recently he starred with his son Abhishek in the hit films <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunty_Aur_Babli" title="Bunty Aur Babli">Bunty Aur Babli</a></i> (2005), the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Godfather" title="The Godfather">Godfather</a></i> tribute <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkar_%28film%29" title="Sarkar (film)">Sarkar</a></i> (2005), and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhi_Alvida_Na_Kehna" title="Kabhi Alvida Na Kehna">Kabhi Alvida Na Kehna</a></i> (2006). Amitabh continues to be one of the most highly-paid actors in the industry, and is considered one of the biggest megastars the Indian film industry has produced.</p> <p>His forthcoming releases include a supporting role in an international film titled <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantaram_%28film%29" title="Shantaram (film)">Shantaram</a></i> which is directed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mira_Nair" title="Mira Nair">Mira Nair</a> and stars <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood" title="Hollywood">Hollywood</a> actor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Depp" title="Johnny Depp">Johnny Depp</a> in the lead.<a href="http://www.ourbollywood.com/2007/02/amitabh_bachchan_will_star_opp.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.ourbollywood.com/2007/02/amitabh_bachchan_will_star_opp.html" rel="nofollow">[5]</a></p> <p><a name="Health_and_Injuries" id="Health_and_Injuries"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amitabh_Bachchan&action=edit§ion=4" title="Edit section: Health and Injuries">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Health and Injuries</span></h2> <p>In 1982, on the set of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manmohan_Desai" title="Manmohan Desai">Manmohan Desai</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolie_%28film%29" title="Coolie (film)">Coolie</a></i>, Amitabh Bachchan suffered a near-fatal blow to his abdomen. While shooting an action scene for the film, Bachchan hit and injured himself on a prop table. The wound was suffered by his small intestine. Later stating that he thought to ignore the pain initially, and considered that the matter might be something serious once it became almost unbearable some hours later, Bachchan spent months recuperating at Bombay's Breach Candy Hospital. During this period, it is reported that thousands of Amitabh fans, nation-wide, offered prayers and condolences for his health and recovery. It has even been reported that two suicides were linked to the event.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachchan%2C_Amitabh#_note-1" title="">[3]</a></sup></p> <p>Bachchan has stated that part of his reason for retiring from films during the early 1990s was health-related (citation needed), as well.</p> <p>In November of 2005, Amitabh Bachchan was admitted to Lilavati Hospital once more, to undergo surgery on his stomach. This occurred after Bachchan complained of pains in his abdomen some days prior. During the period and that following his recovery, most of his projects were put on hold, including the television show he was in the process of hosting, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaun_Banega_Crorepati" title="Kaun Banega Crorepati">Kaun Banega Crorepati</a> 2. Amitabh returned to work in March of 2006 <sup class="noprint">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources" style="white-space: nowrap;">citation needed</span></i></a>]</sup>.</p> <p>Bachchan is an asthmatic, and suffers from a rare muscle disease, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myasthenia_Gravis" title="Myasthenia Gravis">Myasthenia Gravis</a>.</p> <p><a name="Trivia" id="Trivia"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amitabh_Bachchan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Trivia">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Trivia</span></h2> <ul><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saat_Hindustani" title="Saat Hindustani">Saat Hindustani</a></i> was Amitabh's first and the last black and white movie.</li><li>Amitabh Bachchan married <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaya_Bhaduri" title="Jaya Bhaduri">Jaya Bhaduri</a> after the success of the movie <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhimaan" title="Abhimaan">Abhimaan</a></i> (directed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrishikesh_Mukherjee" title="Hrishikesh Mukherjee">Hrishikesh Mukherjee</a>). In this movie Amitabh and Jaya play a successful singing couple. In addition to <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhimaan" title="Abhimaan">Abhimaan</a></i>, Amitabh and Jaya acted together in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanjeer" title="Zanjeer">Zanjeer</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupke_Chupke" title="Chupke Chupke">Chupke Chupke</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mili_%28film%29" title="Mili (film)">Mili</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholay" title="Sholay">Sholay</a></i> and later in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silsila" title="Silsila">Silsila</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhi_Khushi_Kabhi_Gham" title="Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham">Kabhi Khushi Kabhi Gham</a></i>.</li><li>His favourite screen name is Vijay, which he had as his character name in over 20 movies.</li><li>He has not made a public appearance without his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goatee" title="Goatee">goatee</a> since <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohabbatein" title="Mohabbatein">Mohabbatein</a></i>, although in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khakee" title="Khakee">Khakee</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshya" title="Lakshya">Lakshya</a></i> the goatee was reduced to a moustache; he grew it back as soon as the films finished post-production.</li><li>His parents initially planned to name him "Inquilaab", which means "Revolution".<a href="http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/11amit.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/11amit.htm" rel="nofollow">[6]</a></li><li>He is ambidextrous, though on-screen he is most often seen using his left hand.<a href="http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/11amit.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/11amit.htm" rel="nofollow">[7]</a></li><li>He once burned his hand badly while lighting a firecracker. For this reason, he kept the hand concealed throughout much of the filming of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharaabi&action=edit" class="new" title="Sharaabi">Sharaabi</a></i>. Most viewers took this to be an "artistic choice."<sup class="noprint">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources" style="white-space: nowrap;">citation needed</span></i></a>]</sup></li><li>Before entering the film industry, Bachchan applied for a job with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_India_Radio" title="All India Radio">All India Radio</a>. Now known for his powerful, baritone voice, he was inexplicably turned down. <a href="http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/11amit.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/11amit.htm" rel="nofollow">[8]</a></li><li>Has a brother, Ajitabh, with whom he was reunited later in his life.</li><li>Famous TV and Film actor Rajeev Verma of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_Pyar_Kiya" title="Maine Pyar Kiya">Maine Pyar Kiya</a> fame is the brother-in-law of Amitabh (married to sister of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaya_Bachchan" title="Jaya Bachchan">Jaya Bachchan</a> )</li><li>He was one of the judges for the 1995 Miss World beauty pageant.</li><li>He has a double M.A. (Master of Arts) degree.</li><li>The facial caricature of the Indian comic book character 'Supremo' is based upon him.</li><li>He learned sign language for his 2005 film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_%28film%29" title="Black (film)">Black</a></i>.<a href="http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=1202" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=1202" rel="nofollow">[9]</a></li><li>He has played a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_role" title="Dual role">dual role</a> in many films such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_%281978_film%29" title="Don (1978 film)">Don</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kasme_Vade&action=edit" class="new" title="Kasme Vade">Kasme Vade</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desh_Premee" title="Desh Premee">Desh Premee</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satte_Pe_Satta" title="Satte Pe Satta">Satte Pe Satta</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aakhree_Raasta" title="Aakhree Raasta">Aakhree Raasta</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bemisaal&action=edit" class="new" title="Bemisaal">Bemisaal</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toofan" title="Toofan">Toofan</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bade_Miyan_Chote_Miyan" title="Bade Miyan Chote Miyan">Bade Miyan Chote Miyan</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooryavansham" title="Sooryavansham">Sooryavansham</a></i>, and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Baadshah" title="Lal Baadshah">Lal Baadshah</a></i>. He also played a triple role in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahaan&action=edit" class="new" title="Mahaan">Mahaan</a></i>.</li><li>He has done playback singing for many of his own movies such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr._Natwarlal&action=edit" class="new" title="Mr. Natwarlal">Mr. Natwarlal</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawaaris" title="Lawaaris">Lawaaris</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silsila" title="Silsila">Silsila</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukar" title="Pukar">Pukar</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toofan" title="Toofan">Toofan</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baabul" title="Baabul">Baabul</a></i>.</li><li>He is the only actor who achieved at least one hit every year for 14 consecutive years - from <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanjeer" title="Zanjeer">Zanjeer</a></i> in 1973 to <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aakhree_Raasta" title="Aakhree Raasta">Aakhree Raasta</a></i> in 1986.</li><li>While filming the movie <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aks" title="Aks">Aks</a></i>, he did much of his own stunt work even though he was 58 years old at the time. During one fight scene, he jumped 30 feet down a waterfall.<a href="http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/11amit.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/oct/11amit.htm" rel="nofollow">[10]</a> <a href="http://entertainment.oneindia.in/movies/bollywood/news/amitabh-bachchan-021106.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://entertainment.oneindia.in/movies/bollywood/news/amitabh-bachchan-021106.html" rel="nofollow">[11]</a></li><li>At the age of 64, Amitabh Bachchan created a cinematic world record. He shocked the entire unit of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoorva_Lakhia" title="Apoorva Lakhia">Apoorva Lakhia</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shootout_at_Lokhandwala" title="Shootout at Lokhandwala">Shootout at Lokhandwala</a></i> by completing 23 scenes in 5 hours....an unheard-of feat in any part of the world. <a href="http://prithweesh.wordpress.com/2006/11/02/another-world-record-for-big-b/" class="external autonumber" title="http://prithweesh.wordpress.com/2006/11/02/another-world-record-for-big-b/" rel="nofollow">[12]</a></li><li>On Jan 9, 2007, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan" title="Shah Rukh Khan">Shah Rukh Khan</a> was featured against Amitabh Bachchan in the "We the Mediator" segment of the American news-comedy show <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colbert_Report" title="The Colbert Report">The Colbert Report</a> and was defeated by latter because "he dances" (clips were shown from <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohabbatein" title="Mohabbatein">Mohabbatein</a></i> in which Bachchan has no songs). However, Colbert changed his decision on Jan 19 and awarded Bachchan with the victory after witnessing Bachchan's dancing skills in the song "Say Shava Shava" from <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhi_Khushi_Kabhie_Gham" title="Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham">Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham</a></i>.</li><li>On February of 2007, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samajwadi_Party" title="Samajwadi Party">Samajwadi Party</a> in conjunction with the TDP, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DMK" title="DMK">DMK</a>, and other fronts wants to nominate Amitabh Bachchan for the candidacy of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">President of India</a> once <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul_Kalam" title="Abdul Kalam">Abdul Kalam</a>'s term ends. <a href="http://www.naachgaana.com/2007/02/12/big-b-in-race-for-rashtrapati-bhavan" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.naachgaana.com/2007/02/12/big-b-in-race-for-rashtrapati-bhavan" rel="nofollow">[13]</a></li></ul> <p><a name="Awards.2C_Honors_and_Recognitions" id="Awards.2C_Honors_and_Recognitions"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amitabh_Bachchan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awards, Honors and Recognitions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Awards, Honors and Recognitions</span></h2> <p><a name="National_Film_Awards" id="National_Film_Awards"></a></p> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amitabh_Bachchan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: National Film Awards">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">National Film Awards</span></h4> <p>Amitabh Bachchan has won the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Awards" title="National Film Awards">National Film Awards</a> (the Indian version of the Oscar) thrice.</p> <ul><li>1970 - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Best_Newcomer&action=edit" class="new" title="Best Newcomer">Best Newcomer</a> for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saat_Hindustani" title="Saat Hindustani">Saat Hindustani</a></i></li><li>1991 - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Actor" title="Best Actor">Best Actor</a> for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agneepath_%28film%29&action=edit" class="new" title="Agneepath (film)">Agneepath</a></i></li></ul> <p><a href="http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1905623.cms" class="external autonumber" title="http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1905623.cms" rel="nofollow">[14]</a></p> <p><a name="Popular_Film_Awards_and_Nominations" id="Popular_Film_Awards_and_Nominations"></a></p> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amitabh_Bachchan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Popular Film Awards and Nominations">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Popular Film Awards and Nominations</span></h4> <ul><li>Amitabh Bachchan has won fourteen <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Awards" title="Filmfare Awards">Filmfare Awards</a> in various categories. The most recent award was the 2005 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Best_Actor_Award" title="Filmfare Best Actor Award">Filmfare Best Actor Award</a> for his role in the film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_%28film%29" title="Black (film)">Black</a></i>.</li><li>Amitabh Bachchan has been nominated as Filmfare Best Actor twenty-eight times (a record) and as Filmfare Best Supporting Actor nine times (also a record). <a href="http://www.indiafm.com/celebrities/awards/6909/index.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.indiafm.com/celebrities/awards/6909/index.html" rel="nofollow">[15]</a></li><li>Amitabh Bachchan could have won a record number of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Awards" title="Filmfare Awards">Filmfare Awards</a> if there wasn't a 15-year ban on him. <a href="http://indiafm.com/features/2007/01/27/2173/index.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://indiafm.com/features/2007/01/27/2173/index.html" rel="nofollow">[16]</a></li><li>Apart from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Film_Awards" title="National Film Awards">National Film Awards</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Awards" title="Filmfare Awards">Filmfare Awards</a>, Amitabh Bachchan has won many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIFA_Awards" title="IIFA Awards">IIFA Awards</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zee_Cine_Awards&action=edit" class="new" title="Zee Cine Awards">Zee Cine Awards</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Screen_Awards" title="Star Screen Awards">Star Screen Awards</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stardust_Awards" title="Stardust Awards">Stardust Awards</a>, Sansui Awards, Aashirwaad Awards, Apsara Awards, Lifetime Achievement Awards and other awards.</li></ul> <p><a name="National_honors_and_recognitions" id="National_honors_and_recognitions"></a></p> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amitabh_Bachchan&action=edit§ion=9" title="Edit section: National honors and recognitions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">National honors and recognitions</span></h4> <ul><li>In 1982, Amitabh Bachchan was awarded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri" title="Padma Shri">Padma Shri</a>, India's fourth highest civilian award from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Padma_Shri_awardees" class="external autonumber" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Padma_Shri_awardees" rel="nofollow">[17]</a></li><li>In 1994, Amitabh Bachchan was awarded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yash_Bharati_Samman&action=edit" class="new" title="Yash Bharati Samman">Yash Bharati Samman</a>, UP state's highest award from the Government of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>. <a href="http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20061112-3.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20061112-3.html" rel="nofollow">[18]</a></li><li>In February of 2000, Amitabh Bachchan was crowned Filmfare <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Superstar_of_the_Millennium&action=edit" class="new" title="Superstar of the Millennium">Superstar of the Millennium</a> for his sterling performances over the years, <a href="http://www.geocities.com/anisharaja/ssawd.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.geocities.com/anisharaja/ssawd.html" rel="nofollow">[19]</a></li><li>On January 8, 2001, Amitabh Bachchan was honoured with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Best_Artist_of_the_Millennium&action=edit" class="new" title="Best Artist of the Millennium">Best Artist of the Millennium</a> award by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Honda" title="Hero Honda">Hero Honda</a> and file magazine "Stardust".</li><li>On January 26, 2001, Amitabh Bachchan was awarded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Bhushan" title="Padma Bhushan">Padma Bhushan</a>, India's third highest civilian award from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>.</li><li>In 2003, Amitabh Bachchan was awarded the prestigious <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishore_Kumar" title="Kishore Kumar">Kishore Kumar</a> award by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> Government for his unparalleled contribution to the film industry. <a href="http://www.indiatraveltimes.com/culture/briefs_6.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.indiatraveltimes.com/culture/briefs_6.html" rel="nofollow">[20]</a> <a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/26698419.cms" class="external autonumber" title="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/26698419.cms" rel="nofollow">[21]</a></li><li>Amitabh Bachchan was voted the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hottest_male_vegetarian&action=edit" class="new" title="Hottest male vegetarian">Hottest male vegetarian</a> by 'People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals' (PETA) for two years running.<a href="http://www.peta.org/Automation/NewsItem.asp?id=4958" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.peta.org/Automation/NewsItem.asp?id=4958" rel="nofollow">[22]</a></li><li>In March of 2004, Amitabh Bachchan was honoured with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Legend_Award" title="Living Legend Award">Living Legend Award</a> by the Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FICCI" title="FICCI">FICCI</a>) in recognition of his contribution to the Indian entertainment industry. <a href="http://www.redhotcurry.com/entertainment/bollywood/march_2004/living_legends.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.redhotcurry.com/entertainment/bollywood/march_2004/living_legends.htm" rel="nofollow">[23]</a> <a href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040328/spectrum/main4.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040328/spectrum/main4.htm" rel="nofollow">[24]</a></li><li>In June of 2005, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Indian_Film_Academy" title="International Indian Film Academy">International Indian Film Academy</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIFA" title="IIFA">IIFA</a>) and Fame multiplexes, launched their first '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIFA" title="IIFA">IIFA</a> Wall of Fame', honouring Amitabh Bachchan, who is also the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIFA" title="IIFA">IIFA</a> Brand Ambassador. <a href="http://www.redhotcurry.com/entertainment/films/bollywood/iifa_wall.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.redhotcurry.com/entertainment/films/bollywood/iifa_wall.htm" rel="nofollow">[25]</a></li><li>In December of 2005, Amitabh Bachchan was voted as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a>’s Urban <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_of_the_Year&action=edit" class="new" title="Indian of the Year">Indian of the Year</a> through a nationwide poll. <a href="http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20060101-0.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20060101-0.html" rel="nofollow">[26]</a></li><li>After receiving accolades and encomiums for putting the Indian movie industry on the world map, Amitabh Bachchan was conferred an honorary doctorate degree on November 4, 2006 by his Alma Mater <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> University. <a href="http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/04look.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/nov/04look.htm" rel="nofollow">[27]</a></li><li>In December of 2006, Amitabh Bachchan has been voted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_of_the_Year&action=edit" class="new" title="Indian of the Year">Indian of the Year</a> for second year in a row. He comfortably won the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_of_the_Year&action=edit" class="new" title="Indian of the Year">Indian of the Year</a> survey done by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a> newspaper in five Indian Metros. Amitabh Bachchan was also named <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Entertainer_of_the_Year&action=edit" class="new" title="Entertainer of the Year">Entertainer of the Year</a>. <a href="http://india-talk.blogspot.com/search/label/Amitabh%20Bachchan" class="external autonumber" title="http://india-talk.blogspot.com/search/label/Amitabh%20Bachchan" rel="nofollow">[28]</a></li><li>In January of 2007, Amitabh Bachchan was honoured by the Diamond Trading Company with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Forever_Indian_Award&action=edit" class="new" title="Forever Indian Award">Forever Indian Award</a> to mark 60 years of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>'s Independence. He is the first Indian to received this award. <a href="http://nowrunning.com/news/slideshow.asp?newsID=9301&it=5&t=1#mainViewSection" class="external autonumber" title="http://nowrunning.com/news/slideshow.asp?newsID=9301&it=5&t=1#mainViewSection" rel="nofollow">[29]</a></li></ul> <p><a name="International_honors_and_recognitions" id="International_honors_and_recognitions"></a></p> <h4><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amitabh_Bachchan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: International honors and recognitions">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">International honors and recognitions</span></h4> <ul><li>In July of 1999, Amitabh Bachchan was named the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greatest_Star_of_the_Millennium&action=edit" class="new" title="Greatest Star of the Millennium">Greatest Star of the Millennium</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> Online poll where he defeated many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood" title="Hollywood">Hollywood</a> legends such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Laurence_Olivier" title="Sir Laurence Olivier">Sir Laurence Olivier</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>. <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/381017.stm" class="external autonumber" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/381017.stm" rel="nofollow">[30]</a></li><li>In June of 2000, Amitabh Bachchan became the first living <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian" title="Asian">Asian</a> to have been immortalised in wax at London's prestigious <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_Tussauds" title="Madame Tussauds">Madame Tussauds</a> Wax museum. <a href="http://www.geocities.com/anisharaja/tussaud.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.geocities.com/anisharaja/tussaud.html" rel="nofollow">[31]</a></li><li>In March of 2001, Amitabh Bachchan was ranked as the most powerful actor in Bollywood, by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> publishing and media company <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. <a href="http://www.geocities.com/bigbachchan2/amitforbes.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.geocities.com/bigbachchan2/amitforbes.html" rel="nofollow">[32]</a></li><li>On September 10, 2001 Amitabh Bachchan was awarded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Star_of_the_Century&action=edit" class="new" title="Star of the Century">Star of the Century</a> award, the closing day of the Alexandria International Film Festival. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> Minister of Culture Farouk Hosni presented Bachchan with the award in recognition of his contribution to international cinema. <a href="http://www.geocities.com/bigbachchan2/amitaward.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.geocities.com/bigbachchan2/amitaward.html" rel="nofollow">[33]</a></li><li>An Amitabh Bachchan retrospective was held at the prestigious 5th Deauville Panasia Film Festival, on 14-16 March 2003. <a href="http://www.amb-inde.fr/PIC/Pic_Bi_Rel.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.amb-inde.fr/PIC/Pic_Bi_Rel.html" rel="nofollow">[34]</a></li><li>In a poll conducted by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britain" title="Britain">Britain</a>'s Channel 4 television in May of 2003, Amitabh Bachchan has been voted as "One of the Greatest 100 Film Stars of All time". Amitabh Bachchan is the only Indian actor on the list, which is dominated by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> actors. <a href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/xml/uncomp/articleshow?artid=45505175" class="external autonumber" title="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/xml/uncomp/articleshow?artid=45505175" rel="nofollow">[35]</a></li><li>In October of 2003, Amitabh Bachchan was honoured at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marrakech" title="Marrakech">Marrakech</a> International Film Festival.<a href="http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Marrakech_International_Film_Festival/2003" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.imdb.com/Sections/Awards/Marrakech_International_Film_Festival/2003" rel="nofollow">[36]</a></li><li>In April of 2005, The Walter Reade Theater of Lincoln Center in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a> honoured Amitabh Bachchan with a special tribute, retrospective--titled "Amitabh Bachchan: The Biggest Film Star in the World"-- <a href="http://www.wnbc.com/lincolncenter/4359164/detail.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.wnbc.com/lincolncenter/4359164/detail.html" rel="nofollow">[37]</a> The tribute also included "An Evening with Amitabh Bachchan", a live appearance by Bachchan hosted at the Lincoln Center's Alice Tully Hall. <a href="http://www.iaac.us/ab_home.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.iaac.us/ab_home.htm" rel="nofollow">[38]</a> <a href="http://www.iaac.us/ab_amitabh.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.iaac.us/ab_amitabh.htm" rel="nofollow">[39]</a></li><li>In September of 2005, The Tropentheatre in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> honoured Amitabh Bachchan with a special tribute. The tribute also included a live appearance and a interview with Amitabh Bachchan. <a href="http://www.indianfeelings.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=944&Itemid=58" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.indianfeelings.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=944&Itemid=58" rel="nofollow">[40]</a></li><li>In 2005, Amitabh Bachchan has lent his voice to the Oscar-winning French documentary <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_of_the_Penguins" title="March of the Penguins">March of the Penguins</a>, directed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luc_Jacquet" title="Luc Jacquet">Luc Jacquet</a>. <a href="http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20070124-3.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20070124-3.html" rel="nofollow">[41]</a></li><li>British newspaper <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sunday_Times_%28UK%29" title="The Sunday Times (UK)">The Sunday Times</a></i> has described Amitabh Bachchan as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> rolled into one.” "Certainly there is no British actor alive who shares his fame," the British newspaper said on December 4, 2006. <a href="http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20061204-1.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20061204-1.html" rel="nofollow">[42]</a></li><li>Amitabh Bachchan is the only <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian" title="Asian">Asian</a> to feature on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s chat-show, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wogan" title="Wogan">Wogan</a>. <a href="http://www.popularprakashan.com/Showbook.asp?bookid=81" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.popularprakashan.com/Showbook.asp?bookid=81" rel="nofollow">[43]</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> has signed Amitabh Bachchan, as a goodwill ambassador.<a href="http://www.tsunamigeneration.org/infobycountry/india_26029.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.tsunamigeneration.org/infobycountry/india_26029.html" rel="nofollow">[44]</a></li><li>Amitabh Bachchan was given an honorary degree of Doctor of Arts by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Montfort_University" title="De Montfort University">De Montfort University</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> on July 19, 2006 in recognition of his distinguished career in films. He is the first Indian star to be feted by a foreign university. <a href="http://www.educationuk.org/clubukindia/10/india_bollywood.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.educationuk.org/clubukindia/10/india_bollywood.html" rel="nofollow">[45]</a></li><li>Amitabh Bachchan will be honoured along with actors and directors from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood" title="Hollywood">Hollywood</a> at an International Film Festival in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>. <a href="http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/07/stories/2003090701192000.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.hindu.com/2003/09/07/stories/2003090701192000.htm" rel="nofollow">[46]</a></li><li>Amitabh Bachchan has become the first Indian celebrity and the sixth in the world to be presented with a special certificate for his support to the International Finance Facility for Immunisation (IFFI) in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. <a href="http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20061116-1.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.apunkachoice.com/scoop/bollywood/20061116-1.html" rel="nofollow">[47]</a></li><li>On January 27, 2007 Amitabh Bachchan has been awarded France's highest civilian honour, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" title="Légion d'honneur">Legion of Honour</a> for his "exceptional career in the world of cinema and beyond". Describing Bachchan as a "towering Indian personality" and the "number-one actor of Indian cinema", Ambassador Girard said the award "brings Bachchan into the international legion of world's greatest artistes". <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6306201.stm" class="external autonumber" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6306201.stm" rel="nofollow">[48]</a> <a href="http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/28/stories/2007012819690100.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/28/stories/2007012819690100.htm" rel="nofollow">[49]</a></li></ul> <p><a name="Filmography" id="Filmography"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amitabh_Bachchan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Filmography">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Filmography</span></h2> <p><a name="Actor" id="Actor"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amitabh_Bachchan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Actor">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Actor</span></h3> <table style="border: 1px solid rgb(136, 136, 170); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(247, 248, 255); margin-bottom: 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color: rgb(204, 204, 255); text-align: center;" colspan="2"><b>Acting Filmography</b></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khooni_Kiss_%28film%29&action=edit" class="new" title="Khooni Kiss (film)">Khooni Kiss</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_in_film" title="2008 in film">2008</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Satish Mane</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantaram_%28film%29" title="Shantaram (film)">Shantaram</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_in_film" title="2008 in film">2008</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">KaderBhai</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Last_Lear&action=edit" class="new" title="The Last Lear">The Last Lear</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_film" title="2007 in film">2007</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><a href="http://www.timesnow.tv/Preity_Zinta_gets_serious/articleshow/1663200.cms" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.timesnow.tv/Preity_Zinta_gets_serious/articleshow/1663200.cms" rel="nofollow">[50]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhoom_Barabar_Jhoom" title="Jhoom Barabar Jhoom">Jhoom Barabar Jhoom</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_film" title="2007 in film">2007</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Satheeshji Mane</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Gopal_Varma_Ke_Sholay" title="Ram Gopal Varma Ke Sholay">Ram Gopal Varma Ke Sholay</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_film" title="2007 in film">2007</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Gabbar Singh</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkar_2" title="Sarkar 2">Sarkar 2</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_film" title="2007 in film">2007</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Subhas Nagre/"Sarkar"</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nishabd" title="Nishabd">Nishabd</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_film" title="2007 in film">2007</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">satishbhai</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheeni_Kum" title="Cheeni Kum">Cheeni Kum</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_film" title="2007 in film">2007</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusion_%28film%29" title="Exclusion (film)">Exclusion</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_film" title="2007 in film">2007</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoothnath" title="Bhoothnath">Bhoothnath</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_film" title="2007 in film">2007</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Tussi_Great_Ho" title="God Tussi Great Ho">God Tussi Great Ho</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_film" title="2007 in film">2007</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shootout_at_Lokhandwala" title="Shootout at Lokhandwala">Shootout at Lokhandwala</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_film" title="2007 in film">2007</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eklavya:_The_Royal_Guard" title="Eklavya: The Royal Guard">Eklavya: The Royal Guard</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_film" title="2007 in film">2007</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Eklavya</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Struggler&action=edit" class="new" title="Struggler">Struggler</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_film" title="2007 in film">2007</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamaanat" title="Zamaanat">Zamaanat</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_film" title="2006 in film">2006</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Shiv Shankar</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baabul" title="Baabul">Baabul</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_film" title="2006 in film">2006</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Balraj Kapoor</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhi_Alvida_Naa_Kehna" title="Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna">Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_film" title="2006 in film">2006</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Samarjit Singh Talwar (aka. Sexy Sam)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darna_Zaroori_Hai" title="Darna Zaroori Hai">Darna Zaroori Hai</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_film" title="2006 in film">2006</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Professor</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_-_Ties_of_Blood" title="Family - Ties of Blood">Family - Ties of Blood</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_film" title="2006 in film">2006</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Viren Sahi</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amruthadhaare&action=edit" class="new" title="Amruthadhaare">Amruthadhaare</a> (Kannada)</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_film" title="2005 in film">2005</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Amitabh Bachchan</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ek_Ajnabee" title="Ek Ajnabee">Ek Ajnabee</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_film" title="2005 in film">2005</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Suryaveer Singh</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_Jo_Bhi_Kahey..." title="Dil Jo Bhi Kahey...">Dil Jo Bhi Kahey...</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_film" title="2005 in film">2005</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Shekhar Sinha</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruddh..._Family_Comes_First" title="Viruddh... Family Comes First">Viruddh... Family Comes First</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_film" title="2005 in film">2005</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Vidhyadar Ramkrishna Patwardhan</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parineeta" title="Parineeta">Parineeta</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_film" title="2005 in film">2005</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Narrator</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkar_%28film%29" title="Sarkar (film)">Sarkar</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_film" title="2005 in film">2005</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Subhash Nagre/"Sarkar"</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paheli" title="Paheli">Paheli</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_film" title="2005 in film">2005</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">The Shepherd</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramji_Londonwaley" title="Ramji Londonwaley">Ramji Londonwaley</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_film" title="2005 in film">2005</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Amitabh Bachchan as himself</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunty_Aur_Babli" title="Bunty Aur Babli">Bunty Aur Babli</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_film" title="2005 in film">2005</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">D.C.P. Dashrath Singh</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waqt:_The_Race_Against_Time" title="Waqt: The Race Against Time">Waqt: The Race Against Time</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_film" title="2005 in film">2005</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ishwarchand Thakur</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_%28The_Movie%29" title="Black (The Movie)">Black</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_film" title="2005 in film">2005</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Debraj Sahai</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khakee" title="Khakee">Khakee</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_film" title="2004 in film">2004</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">D.C.P. Anant Kumar Shrivastav</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aetbaar" title="Aetbaar">Aetbaar</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_film" title="2004 in film">2004</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dr. Ranveer Malhotra</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudraksh" title="Rudraksh">Rudraksh</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_film" title="2004 in film">2004</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Narrator</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insaaf" title="Insaaf">Insaaf</a>: The Justice</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_film" title="2004 in film">2004</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Narrator</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deewaar_%282004_film%29" title="Deewaar (2004 film)">Deewaar</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_film" title="2004 in film">2004</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Maj. Ranvir Kaul</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dev_%28film%29" title="Dev (film)">Dev</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_film" title="2004 in film">2004</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">D.C.P. Dev Pratap Singh</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshya" title="Lakshya">Lakshya</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_film" title="2004 in film">2004</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Col. Sunil Damle</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyun...%21_Ho_Gaya_Na" title="Kyun...! Ho Gaya Na">Kyun...! Ho Gaya Na</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_film" title="2004 in film">2004</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Raj Chauhan</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hum_Kaun_Hai%3F&action=edit" class="new" title="Hum Kaun Hai?">Hum Kaun Hai?</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_film" title="2004 in film">2004</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dual role (Major Frank John Williams & Frank James Williams)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veer-Zaara" title="Veer-Zaara">Veer-Zaara</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_film" title="2004 in film">2004</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Chaudhary Sumer Singh</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Tumhare_Hawale_Watan_Saathiyo" title="Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo">Ab Tumhare Hawale Watan Saathiyo</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_film" title="2004 in film">2004</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Major General Amarjeet Singh</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fun2shh&action=edit" class="new" title="Fun2shh">Fun2shh</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_in_film" title="2003 in film">2003</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Narrator</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_in_film" title="2003 in film">2003</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Raj Malhotra</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_%282003_film%29" title="Boom (2003 film)">Boom</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_in_film" title="2003 in film">2003</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Bade Mia</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mumbai_Se_Aaya_Mera_Dost&action=edit" class="new" title="Mumbai Se Aaya Mera Dost">Mumbai Se Aaya Mera Dost</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_in_film" title="2003 in film">2003</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Narrator</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armaan_%282003_film%29" title="Armaan (2003 film)">Armaan</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_in_film" title="2003 in film">2003</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dr Siddharth Sinha</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khushi" title="Khushi">Khushi</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_in_film" title="2003 in film">2003</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Narrator</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaante" title="Kaante">Kaante</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_in_film" title="2002 in film">2002</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Yashvardhan Rampal/"Major"</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agnivarsha&action=edit" class="new" title="Agnivarsha">Agnivarsha</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_in_film" title="2002 in film">2002</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Indra (God)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_Kisise_Kum_Nahi" title="Hum Kisise Kum Nahi">Hum Kisise Kum Nahi</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_in_film" title="2002 in film">2002</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dr Rastogi</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aankhen" title="Aankhen">Aankhen</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_in_film" title="2002 in film">2002</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Vijay Singh Rajput</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagaan" title="Lagaan">Lagaan</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_film" title="2001 in film">2001</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Narrator</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhi_Khushi_Kabhie_Gham" title="Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham">Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_film" title="2001 in film">2001</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Yashvordhan "Yash" Raichand</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aks" title="Aks">Aks</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_film" title="2001 in film">2001</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Inspector Manu Verma/Raghvan</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ek_Rishtaa:_The_Bond_of_Love&action=edit" class="new" title="Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love">Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_film" title="2001 in film">2001</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Vijay Kapoor</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohabbatein" title="Mohabbatein">Mohabbatein</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_in_film" title="2000 in film">2000</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Narayan Shankar</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kohram&action=edit" class="new" title="Kohram">Kohram</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_in_film" title="1999 in film">1999</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Colonel Balbir Singh Sodi, also known as Devraj Hathoda/Dada Bhai</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustan_Ki_Kasam" title="Hindustan Ki Kasam">Hindustan Ki Kasam</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_in_film" title="1999 in film">1999</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Kabeera</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_Brother" title="Hello Brother">Hello Brother</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_in_film" title="1999 in film">1999</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Voice of God</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooryavansham" title="Sooryavansham">Sooryavansham</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_in_film" title="1999 in film">1999</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dual role (Thakur Bhanu Pratap Singh & Heera Singh)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lal_Baadshah" title="Lal Baadshah">Lal Baadshah</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_in_film" title="1999 in film">1999</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dual role (Lal "Baadshah" Singh & Ranbhir Singh)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bade_Miyan_Chhote_Miyan" title="Bade Miyan Chhote Miyan">Bade Miyan Chhote Miyan</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_in_film" title="1998 in film">1998</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dual role (Inspector Arjun Singh & Bade Miyan)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_Saab&action=edit" class="new" title="Major Saab">Major Saab</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_in_film" title="1998 in film">1998</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Major Jasbir Singh Rana</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrityudata" title="Mrityudata">Mrityudata</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_in_film" title="1997 in film">1997</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dr Ram Prasad Ghayal</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tere_Mere_Sapne&action=edit" class="new" title="Tere Mere Sapne">Tere Mere Sapne</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_in_film" title="1996 in film">1996</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Narrator</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Insaniyat&action=edit" class="new" title="Insaniyat">Insaniyat</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_in_film" title="1994 in film">1994</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Inspector Amar</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khuda_Gawah&action=edit" class="new" title="Khuda Gawah">Khuda Gawah</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_in_film" title="1992 in film">1992</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Baadshah Khan</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrajeet" title="Indrajeet">Indrajeet</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_in_film" title="1991 in film">1991</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Indrajeet</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum" title="Hum">Hum</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_in_film" title="1991 in film">1991</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Tiger/Shekhar</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akayla" title="Akayla">Akayla</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_in_film" title="1991 in film">1991</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Inspector Vijay Verma</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajooba" title="Ajooba">Ajooba</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991_in_film" title="1991 in film">1991</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ajooba/Ali</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krodh" title="Krodh">Krodh</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_in_film" title="1990 in film">1990</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Guest appearance as himself</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agneepath" title="Agneepath">Agneepath</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_in_film" title="1990 in film">1990</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Vijay Dinanath Chauhan</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aaj_Ka_Arjun&action=edit" class="new" title="Aaj Ka Arjun">Aaj Ka Arjun</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_in_film" title="1990 in film">1990</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Bheema</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toofan" title="Toofan">Toofan</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_in_film" title="1989 in film">1989</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dual role (Toofan & Shyam)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Main_Azaad_Hoon&action=edit" class="new" title="Main Azaad Hoon">Main Azaad Hoon</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_in_film" title="1989 in film">1989</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Azaad</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaadugar&action=edit" class="new" title="Jaadugar">Jaadugar</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_in_film" title="1989 in film">1989</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Goga/Gogeshwar</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soorma_Bhopali" title="Soorma Bhopali">Soorma Bhopali</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_in_film" title="1988 in film">1988</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(Guest appearance)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahenshah_%28film%29" title="Shahenshah (film)">Shahenshah</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_in_film" title="1988 in film">1988</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Inspector Vijay Kumar Srivastav/Shahenshah</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaun_Jeeta_Kaun_Haara&action=edit" class="new" title="Kaun Jeeta Kaun Haara">Kaun Jeeta Kaun Haara</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_in_film" title="1988 in film">1988</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Guest appearance as himself</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganga_Jamuna_Saraswati&action=edit" class="new" title="Ganga Jamuna Saraswati">Ganga Jamuna Saraswati</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_in_film" title="1988 in film">1988</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ganga Prasad</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_Hiralal" title="Hero Hiralal">Hero Hiralal</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_in_film" title="1988 in film">1988</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Special appearance as himself</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jalwa&action=edit" class="new" title="Jalwa">Jalwa</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_in_film" title="1987 in film">1987</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Special appearance as himself</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ek_Ruka_Hua_Faisla&action=edit" class="new" title="Ek Ruka Hua Faisla">Ek Ruka Hua Faisla</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_in_film" title="1986 in film">1986</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">(Guest appearance)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aakhree_Raasta" title="Aakhree Raasta">Aakhree Raasta</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_in_film" title="1986 in film">1986</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dual role (David/Vijay)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naya_Bakra&action=edit" class="new" title="Naya Bakra">Naya Bakra</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_in_film" title="1985 in film">1985</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Guest appearance as himself</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mard" title="Mard">Mard</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_in_film" title="1985 in film">1985</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Raju "Mard" Tangewala</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Giraftaar&action=edit" class="new" title="Giraftaar">Giraftaar</a> (Guest)</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1985_in_film" title="1985 in film">1985</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Inspector Karan Kumar Khanna</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sharaabi&action=edit" class="new" title="Sharaabi">Sharaabi</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_in_film" title="1984 in film">1984</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Vicky Kapoor</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquilaab" title="Inquilaab">Inquilaab</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_in_film" title="1984 in film">1984</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Amarnath</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nastik" title="Nastik">Nastik</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_in_film" title="1983 in film">1983</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Shankar (Sheru)/Bhola</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pukar" title="Pukar">Pukar</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_in_film" title="1983 in film">1983</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ramdas/Ronnie</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahaan&action=edit" class="new" title="Mahaan">Mahaan</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_in_film" title="1983 in film">1983</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Rana Ranveer, Guru, & Inspector Shankar</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coolie_%28film%29" title="Coolie (film)">Coolie</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_in_film" title="1983 in film">1983</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Iqbal</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andha_Kanoon" title="Andha Kanoon">Andha Kanoon</a> (guest)</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_in_film" title="1983 in film">1983</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Jan Nissar Akhtar Khan</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti_%281982_film%29" title="Shakti (1982 film)">Shakti</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_in_film" title="1982 in film">1982</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Vijay Kumar</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satte_Pe_Satta" title="Satte Pe Satta">Satte Pe Satta</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_in_film" title="1982 in film">1982</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ravi Anand/Babu</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namak_Halaal" title="Namak Halaal">Namak Halaal</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_in_film" title="1982 in film">1982</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Arjun Singh</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khud-daar" title="Khud-daar">Khud-daar</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_in_film" title="1982 in film">1982</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Govind Srivastav/Chotu Ustad</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desh_Premee" title="Desh Premee">Desh Premee</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_in_film" title="1982 in film">1982</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dual role (Master Dinanath & Raju)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bemisaal&action=edit" class="new" title="Bemisaal">Bemisaal</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982_in_film" title="1982 in film">1982</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dual role (Dr. Sudhir Roy & Adhir Roy)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaraana" title="Yaraana">Yaraana</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_in_film" title="1981 in film">1981</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Kishan Kumar</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silsila" title="Silsila">Silsila</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_in_film" title="1981 in film">1981</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Amit Malhotra</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naseeb" title="Naseeb">Naseeb</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_in_film" title="1981 in film">1981</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">John, Jaani, Janardhan</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawaaris" title="Lawaaris">Lawaaris</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_in_film" title="1981 in film">1981</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Heera</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vilayati_Babu&action=edit" class="new" title="Vilayati Babu">Vilayati Babu</a> (special appearance)</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_in_film" title="1981 in film">1981</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Jagga (special appearance)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaalia&action=edit" class="new" title="Kaalia">Kaalia</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_in_film" title="1981 in film">1981</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Kallu/Kaalia</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barsaat_Ki_Ek_Raat" title="Barsaat Ki Ek Raat">Barsaat Ki Ek Raat</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_in_film" title="1981 in film">1981</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">ACP Abhijeet Rai</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander" title="Commander">Commander</a> (Guest)</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_in_film" title="1981 in film">1981</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Guest appearance</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chashme_Buddoor" title="Chashme Buddoor">Chashme Buddoor</a> (guest)</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1981_in_film" title="1981 in film">1981</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Guest appearance</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaan" title="Shaan">Shaan</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_film" title="1980 in film">1980</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Vijay Kumar</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ram_Balraam&action=edit" class="new" title="Ram Balraam">Ram Balraam</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_film" title="1980 in film">1980</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Inspector Balram Singh</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dostaana&action=edit" class="new" title="Dostaana">Dostaana</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_film" title="1980 in film">1980</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Vijay Varma</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_aur_Do_Panch&action=edit" class="new" title="Do aur Do Panch">Do aur Do Panch</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_in_film" title="1980 in film">1980</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Vijay/Ram</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cinema_Cinema&action=edit" class="new" title="Cinema Cinema">Cinema Cinema</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_in_film" title="1979 in film">1979</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suhaag&action=edit" class="new" title="Suhaag">Suhaag</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_in_film" title="1979 in film">1979</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Amit Kapoor</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mr._Natwarlal&action=edit" class="new" title="Mr. Natwarlal">Mr. Natwarlal</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_in_film" title="1979 in film">1979</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Natwar Lal/Avtar Singh</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i>Manzil</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_in_film" title="1979 in film">1979</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ajay Chandra</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaala_Patthar" title="Kaala Patthar">Kaala Patthar</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_in_film" title="1979 in film">1979</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Vijay Pal Singh</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurmaana&action=edit" class="new" title="Jurmaana">Jurmaana</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_in_film" title="1979 in film">1979</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Inder Saxena</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Gambler&action=edit" class="new" title="The Great Gambler">The Great Gambler</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_in_film" title="1979 in film">1979</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dual role (Jay & Inspector Vijay)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gol_Maal" title="Gol Maal">Gol Maal</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_in_film" title="1979 in film">1979</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Guest appearance as himself</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddar_Ka_Sikandar" title="Muqaddar Ka Sikandar">Muqaddar Ka Sikandar</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_in_film" title="1978 in film">1978</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Sikandar</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trishul_%28film%29" title="Trishul (film)">Trishul</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_in_film" title="1978 in film">1978</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Vijay Kumar</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasme_Vaade" title="Kasme Vaade">Kasme Vaade</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_in_film" title="1978 in film">1978</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dual role (Amit & Shankar)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ganga_Ki_Saugandh&action=edit" class="new" title="Ganga Ki Saugandh">Ganga Ki Saugandh</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_in_film" title="1978 in film">1978</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Jeeva</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_%281978_film%29" title="Don (1978 film)">Don</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_in_film" title="1978 in film">1978</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dual role (Don/Vijay)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Besharam&action=edit" class="new" title="Besharam">Besharam</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_in_film" title="1978 in film">1978</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ram Kumar Chandra/Prince Chandrashekar</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shatranj_Ke_Khilari&action=edit" class="new" title="Shatranj Ke Khilari">Shatranj Ke Khilari</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_in_film" title="1977 in film">1977</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Narrator</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvarish" title="Parvarish">Parvarish</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_in_film" title="1977 in film">1977</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Amit</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khoon_Paseena&action=edit" class="new" title="Khoon Paseena">Khoon Paseena</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_in_film" title="1977 in film">1977</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Shiva/Tiger</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imaan_Dharam&action=edit" class="new" title="Imaan Dharam">Imaan Dharam</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_in_film" title="1977 in film">1977</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ahmed Raza</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar_Akbar_Anthony" title="Amar Akbar Anthony">Amar Akbar Anthony</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_in_film" title="1977 in film">1977</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Anthony Gonzalves</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alaap&action=edit" class="new" title="Alaap">Alaap</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_in_film" title="1977 in film">1977</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Alok Prasad</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charandas&action=edit" class="new" title="Charandas">Charandas</a> (special appearance)</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1977_in_film" title="1977 in film">1977</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Qawwali singer (special appearance)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalat" title="Adalat">Adalat</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_in_film" title="1976 in film">1976</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dual role (Dharma/Thakur Dharam Chand & Raju)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hera_Pheri" title="Hera Pheri">Hera Pheri</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_in_film" title="1976 in film">1976</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Vijay</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhie_Kabhie" title="Kabhie Kabhie">Kabhie Kabhie</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_in_film" title="1976 in film">1976</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Amit Malhotra</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_Anjaane&action=edit" class="new" title="Do Anjaane">Do Anjaane</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1976_in_film" title="1976 in film">1976</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Amit Roy/Naresh Dutt</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholay" title="Sholay">Sholay</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_in_film" title="1975 in film">1975</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Jai (Jaidev)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mili_%28film%29" title="Mili (film)">Mili</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_in_film" title="1975 in film">1975</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Shekhar Dayal</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zameer&action=edit" class="new" title="Zameer">Zameer</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_in_film" title="1975 in film">1975</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Baadal/Chimpoo</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faraar&action=edit" class="new" title="Faraar">Faraar</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_in_film" title="1975 in film">1975</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Rajesh (Raj)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deewaar_%281975_film%29" title="Deewaar (1975 film)">Deewar</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_in_film" title="1975 in film">1975</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Vijay Verma</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chupke_Chupke" title="Chupke Chupke">Chupke Chupke</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975_in_film" title="1975 in film">1975</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Professor Sukumar Sinha/Parimal Tripathi</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kunwara_Baap&action=edit" class="new" title="Kunwara Baap">Kunwara Baap</a> (guest)</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_in_film" title="1974 in film">1974</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">as himself (guest appearance)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roti_Kapda_aur_Makaan&action=edit" class="new" title="Roti Kapda aur Makaan">Roti Kapda aur Makaan</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_in_film" title="1974 in film">1974</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Vijay</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majboor" title="Majboor">Majboor</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_in_film" title="1974 in film">1974</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ravi Khanna</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kasauti&action=edit" class="new" title="Kasauti">Kasauti</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_in_film" title="1974 in film">1974</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Amitabh Sharma (Amit)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dost&action=edit" class="new" title="Dost">Dost</a> (guest)</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_in_film" title="1974 in film">1974</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Anand (guest appearance)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benaam" title="Benaam">Benaam</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1974_in_film" title="1974 in film">1974</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Amit Srivastav</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bada_Kabutar&action=edit" class="new" title="Bada Kabutar">Bada Kabutar</a> (guest)</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_in_film" title="1973 in film">1973</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Guest appearance</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanjeer" title="Zanjeer">Zanjeer</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_in_film" title="1973 in film">1973</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Inspector Vijay Khanna</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudagar" title="Saudagar">Saudagar</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_in_film" title="1973 in film">1973</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Mothi</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namak_Haram&action=edit" class="new" title="Namak Haram">Namak Haram</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_in_film" title="1973 in film">1973</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Vikram (Vicky)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gehri_Chaal&action=edit" class="new" title="Gehri Chaal">Gehri Chaal</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_in_film" title="1973 in film">1973</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ratan</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baandhe_Haath&action=edit" class="new" title="Baandhe Haath">Baandhe Haath</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_in_film" title="1973 in film">1973</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dual role (Shyamu & Deepak)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhimaan" title="Abhimaan">Abhimaan</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_in_film" title="1973 in film">1973</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Subir Kumar (Beeru)</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raaste_Ka_Patthar&action=edit" class="new" title="Raaste Ka Patthar">Raaste Ka Patthar</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_in_film" title="1972 in film">1972</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Jai Shankar Rai</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawarchi" title="Bawarchi">Bawarchi</a> (Guest)</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_in_film" title="1972 in film">1972</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Narrator</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jaban&action=edit" class="new" title="Jaban">Jaban</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_in_film" title="1972 in film">1972</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ek_Nazar&action=edit" class="new" title="Ek Nazar">Ek Nazar</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_in_film" title="1972 in film">1972</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Manmohan Akash Tyagi</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_to_Goa" title="Bombay to Goa">Bombay to Goa</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_in_film" title="1972 in film">1972</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ravi Kumar</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bansi_Birju&action=edit" class="new" title="Bansi Birju">Bansi Birju</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972_in_film" title="1972 in film">1972</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Birju</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piya_Ka_Ghar" title="Piya Ka Ghar">Piya Ka Ghar</a> (Guest)</i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_in_film" title="1971 in film">1971</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Guest appearance</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reshma_Aur_Shera" title="Reshma Aur Shera">Reshma Aur Shera</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_in_film" title="1971 in film">1971</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Chotu</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanjog&action=edit" class="new" title="Sanjog">Sanjog</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_in_film" title="1971 in film">1971</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Mohan</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parwaana" title="Parwaana">Parwaana</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_in_film" title="1971 in film">1971</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Kumar Sen</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pyar_Ki_Kahani&action=edit" class="new" title="Pyar Ki Kahani">Pyar Ki Kahani</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_in_film" title="1971 in film">1971</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Ram Chandra</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guddi" title="Guddi">Guddi</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971_in_film" title="1971 in film">1971</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">as himself; guest appearance</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anand_%28film%29" title="Anand (film)">Anand</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_in_film" title="1970 in film">1970</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Dr Bhaskar K. Bannerjee/Babu Moshai</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhuvan_Shome" title="Bhuvan Shome">Bhuvan Shome</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_in_film" title="1969 in film">1969</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Narrator, also known as Mr Shome</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);"><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saat_Hindustani" title="Saat Hindustani">Saat Hindustani</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969_in_film" title="1969 in film">1969</a>)</td> <td style="border: 1px solid rgb(221, 221, 221); padding: 0.5em; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);">Anwar Ali Anwar</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><a name="Producer" id="Producer"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amitabh_Bachchan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Producer">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Producer</span></h3> <ul><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family:_Ties_of_Blood" title="Family: Ties of Blood">Family: Ties of Blood</a></i> (2006)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viruddh..._Family_Comes_First" title="Viruddh... Family Comes First">Viruddh... Family Comes First</a></i> (2005)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aks" title="Aks">Aks</a></i> (2001)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_Saab&action=edit" class="new" title="Major Saab">Major Saab</a></i> (1997)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrityudaata" title="Mrityudaata">Mrityudaata</a></i> (1997)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tere_Mere_Sapne&action=edit" class="new" title="Tere Mere Sapne">Tere Mere Sapne</a></i> (1996)</li></ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7017443809156893070.post-9555250804550378402007-02-24T05:57:00.002-08:002007-02-24T05:59:04.354-08:00srk-the king khan<p>Shah Rukh Khan was born to parents of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathan" title="Pathan">Pathan</a> origin, Taj Mohammed Khan and Lateef Fatima,<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-0" title="">[1]</a></sup> and was born and raised in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>. His family came from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qissa_Khawani_Bazaar" title="Qissa Khawani Bazaar">Kissa Kahani Bazaar</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a>, before the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">Partition of India</a>.<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-1" title="">[2]</a></sup> Khan attended <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Columba%27s_School_%28Delhi%29" title="St Columba's School (Delhi)">St. Columba's School</a> and later the Hansraj College (1985-1988) to earn an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honours_degree" title="Honours degree">Honours degree</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">Economics</a>. He later studied for a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_Degree" title="Masters Degree">Masters Degree</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_Communication" title="Mass Communication">Mass Communications</a> at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamia_Millia_Islamia" title="Jamia Millia Islamia">Jamia Millia Islamia</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University" title="University">University</a>. He used to spend his holidays during his childhood in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> (Tolichowki), where his mothers family lives <sup id="_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-2" title="">[3]</a></sup>. He is married to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauri_Khan" title="Gauri Khan">Gauri Khan</a> and they have two children, son <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_Khan" title="Aryan Khan">Aryan</a> and daughter <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhana_Khan" title="Suhana Khan">Suhana</a>. At St. Columba's School, Shah Rukh Khan was an "all-rounder", accomplished in sports, drama and academics. He won the Sword of Honour, an annual award bequeathed to the individual who embodies most the spirit of the school, to try one's hand at everything.<sup class="noprint">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources" style="white-space: nowrap;">citation needed</span></i></a>]</sup></p> <p><a name="Career" id="Career"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Career</span></h2> <p>He started his career in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a> by appearing in the television series <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauji" title="Fauji">Fauji</a></i> playing the role of Commando Abhimanyu Rai.<sup id="_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-3" title="">[4]</a></sup> He then played a minor role in the serial <i>Circus</i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a>.<sup id="_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-4" title="">[5]</a></sup> which depicted the life of circus performers. That same year he had a minor role in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_film" title="Television film">television film</a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Which_Annie_Gives_it_Those_Ones" title="In Which Annie Gives it Those Ones">In Which Annie Gives it Those Ones</a></i>. After the death of his parents Khan moved from New Delhi to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> for a fresh start in 1991.<sup id="_ref-timeasia_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-timeasia" title="">[6]</a></sup> He made his Bollywood film debut in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deewana" title="Deewana">Deewana</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992" title="1992">1992</a>) which was a hit and launched his career in Bollywood.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Shahrukh_Khan_in_DilwaleDulhaniaLeJayenge.jpg" class="internal" title="As Raj in Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995)"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/16/Shahrukh_Khan_in_DilwaleDulhaniaLeJayenge.jpg/180px-Shahrukh_Khan_in_DilwaleDulhaniaLeJayenge.jpg" alt="As Raj in Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge (1995)" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Shahrukh_Khan_in_DilwaleDulhaniaLeJayenge.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="270" width="180" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Shahrukh_Khan_in_DilwaleDulhaniaLeJayenge.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> As <i>Raj</i> in <i>Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge</i> (1995)</div> </div> </div> <p>He got critical acclaim for his performances in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baazigar" title="Baazigar">Baazigar</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darr" title="Darr">Darr</a></i> (1993), in which he played <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-hero" title="Anti-hero">anti-hero</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsessive_love" title="Obsessive love">obsessive-lover</a> roles respectively. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a> he starred in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilwale_Dulhania_Le_Jayenge" title="Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge">Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge</a></i> which was a critical and commercial success<sup id="_ref-alltimebox_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-alltimebox" title="">[7]</a></sup> and has entered its twelfth year in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">theaters</a>, grossing over one <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billion" title="Billion">billion</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupee" title="Rupee">rupees</a> in all.<sup id="_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-5" title="">[8]</a></sup></p> <p>After the success of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilwale_Dulhania_Le_Jayenge" title="Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge">Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge</a> he was well known for his chemistry, best <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodi" title="Jodi">jodi</a> (couple) and close friendship with superstar actress <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kajol" title="Kajol">Kajol</a> . Kajol first worked with Khan in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baazigar" title="Baazigar">Baazigar</a> where their friendship took off. Now Khan, along with Kajol and Karan Johar have a special relationship which they consider "comfort".</p> <p>After this, Khan frequently collaborated with directors <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yash_Chopra" title="Yash Chopra">Yash Chopra</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karan_Johar" title="Karan Johar">Karan Johar</a> and starred in several of their successful films in the romantic genre including <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_to_Pagal_Hai" title="Dil to Pagal Hai">Dil to Pagal Hai</a></i> (1997), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuch_Kuch_Hota_Hai" title="Kuch Kuch Hota Hai">Kuch Kuch Hota Hai</a></i> (1998), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohabbatein" title="Mohabbatein">Mohabbatein</a></i> (2000), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhi_Khushi_Kabhie_Gham" title="Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham">Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham</a></i> (2001), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal_Ho_Naa_Ho" title="Kal Ho Naa Ho">Kal Ho Naa Ho</a></i> (2003) and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veer-Zaara" title="Veer-Zaara">Veer-Zaara</a></i> (2004). In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a> he again teamed up with Karan Johar for the multi-starrer <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhi_Alvida_Na_Kehna" title="Kabhi Alvida Na Kehna">Kabhi Alvida Na Kehna</a></i> which has been very successful in India and overseas. That same year he played the title role in the hit movie <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_%282006_film%29" title="Don (2006 film)">Don</a></i>, a remake of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978" title="1978">1978</a> film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_%281978_film%29" title="Don (1978 film)">Don</a></i>.</p> <p>Khan also won critical praise for his performances in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjaam" title="Anjaam">Anjaam</a></i> (1994), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_Se" title="Dil Se">Dil Se</a></i> (1998), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Ram" title="Hey Ram">Hey Ram</a></i> (2000), <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swades" title="Swades">Swades</a></i> (2004), and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paheli" title="Paheli">Paheli</a></i> (2005) which were not as successful commercially.</p> <p>Khan also produces films and co-owns <i>Dreamz Unl</i>, a film production company, with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juhi_Chawla" title="Juhi Chawla">Juhi Chawla</a> and director <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aziz_Mirza&action=edit" class="new" title="Aziz Mirza">Aziz Mirza</a>. The first two of the films he produced and starred in, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phir_Bhi_Dil_Hai_Hindustani" title="Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani">Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani</a></i> (2000) and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asoka_%28film%29" title="Asoka (film)">Asoka</a></i> (2001) were box office failures. <sup id="_ref-highest_grossers_of_2000_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-highest_grossers_of_2000" title="">[9]</a></sup> <sup id="_ref-highest_grossers_of_2001_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-highest_grossers_of_2001" title="">[10]</a></sup></p> <p>His third film as a producer and star <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalte_Chalte" title="Chalte Chalte">Chalte Chalte</a></i> (2003) was the first hit from his production house. <sup id="_ref-highest_grossers_of_2003_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-highest_grossers_of_2003" title="">[11]</a></sup> In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a> <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Hoon_Na" title="Main Hoon Na">Main Hoon Na</a></i> which was produced by another of his production houses, <i>Red Chillies Entertainment</i>, <i><sup id="_ref-highest_grossers_of_2004_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-highest_grossers_of_2004" title="">[12]</a></sup></i> was his second hit as both producer and star. In 2005 he produced and starred in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paheli" title="Paheli">Paheli</a></i>, which was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India's</a> selection for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> (foreign films category) but did not win. That same year he also co-produced the film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaal" title="Kaal">Kaal</a></i> with Karan Johar and performed an item number for the film with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaika_Arora_Khan" title="Malaika Arora Khan">Malaika Arora Khan</a>.</p> <p><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasreen_Munni_Kabir" title="Nasreen Munni Kabir">Nasreen Munni Kabir</a>, the noted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> filmmaker, produced a two-part <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary" title="Documentary">documentary</a> on Shah Rukh, "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inner_and_Outer_World_of_Shah_Rukh_Khan" title="The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan">The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan</a>" (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>). Featuring his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a> Temptations concert tour, the film contrasted Khan's inner world of family and daily life with the outer world of his work. Recently another book "Still Reading Khan" (2006) was released on SRK which talks about his family and his life.</p> <p>Khan is currently the host of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaun_Banega_Crorepati" title="Kaun Banega Crorepati">Kaun Banega Crorepati</a></i>, the Indian version of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_wants_to_be_a_millionaire%3F" title="Who wants to be a millionaire?">Who wants to be a millionaire?</a></i>, <sup id="_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-6" title="">[13]</a></sup> after taking over from the original host <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a>. The show is deemed the most popular programme in Indian television history. On Monday, January 22, 2007, "KBC" aired after a hiatus. Reviews of Khan's hosting style has been mostly postive. His sense of friendliness and humor with the show's participants has been praised. <sup id="_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-7" title="">[14]</a></sup></p> <p><a name="Awards_and_nominations" id="Awards_and_nominations"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Awards and nominations</span></h2> <p>Khan has been nominated for 15 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Award" title="Filmfare Award">Filmfare Best Actor</a> awards <a href="http://indiafm.com/celebrities/awards/11185/index.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://indiafm.com/celebrities/awards/11185/index.html" rel="nofollow">[4]</a> - six of which he won - the most recent being in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a> for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swades" title="Swades">Swades</a></i> where he played the role of an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian-American" title="Indian-American">Indian-American</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> engineer whose life is transformed by his encounters in rural <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Shahrukhkhan_200502_ng.jpg" class="internal" title="On National Geographic Cover February 2005"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c7/Shahrukhkhan_200502_ng.jpg/180px-Shahrukhkhan_200502_ng.jpg" alt="On National Geographic Cover February 2005" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Shahrukhkhan_200502_ng.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="260" width="180" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Shahrukhkhan_200502_ng.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> On National Geographic Cover February 2005</div> </div> </div> <p><a name="Filmfare_Awards" id="Filmfare_Awards"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Filmfare Awards</span></h3> <ul><li>1992 - <b>Winner</b> Best Debut/Newcomer for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deewana" title="Deewana">Deewana</a></i></li><li>1993 - <b>Winner</b> Best Actor for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baazigar" title="Baazigar">Baazigar</a></i></li><li>1993 - Nominated Best Actor for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhi_Haan_Kabhi_Naa" title="Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa">Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa</a></i></li><li>1993 - <b>Winner</b> Best Performer Critics' Choice for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhi_Haan_Kabhi_Naa" title="Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa">Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa</a></i></li><li>1993 - Nominated Best Performance In Negative Role for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darr" title="Darr">Darr</a></i></li><li>1994 - <b>Winner</b> Best Performance In Negative Role for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjaam" title="Anjaam">Anjaam</a></i></li><li>1995 - <b>Winner</b> Best Actor for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilwale_Dulhania_Le_Jayenge" title="Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge">Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge</a></i></li><li>1997 - <b>Winner</b> Best Actor for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_To_Pagal_Hai" title="Dil To Pagal Hai">Dil To Pagal Hai</a></i></li><li>1997 - Nominated Best Actor for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_Boss" title="Yes Boss">Yes Boss</a></i></li><li>1998 - <b>Winner</b> Best Actor for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuch_Kuch_Hota_Hai" title="Kuch Kuch Hota Hai">Kuch Kuch Hota Hai</a></i></li><li>1998 - Nominated Best Performance In Negative Role for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplicate" title="Duplicate">Duplicate</a></i></li><li>1999 - Nominated Best Comedian for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baadshah" title="Baadshah">Baadshah</a></i></li><li>2000 - <b>Winner</b> Best Actor Critics' Choice for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohabbatein" title="Mohabbatein">Mohabbatein</a></i></li><li>2000 - Nominated Best Actor for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohabbatein" title="Mohabbatein">Mohabbatein</a></i></li><li>2001 - Nominated Best Actor for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhi_Khushi_Kabhie_Gham" title="Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham">Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham</a></i></li><li>2002 - <b>Winner</b> Best Actor for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devdas_%282002_film%29" title="Devdas (2002 film)">Devdas</a></i></li><li>2002 - <b>Winner</b> Filmfare Special Award Swiss Consulate Trophy</li><li>2003 - Nominated Best Actor for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal_Ho_Naa_Ho" title="Kal Ho Naa Ho">Kal Ho Naa Ho</a></i></li><li>2003 - <b>Winner</b> Filmfare Power Award (along with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a>)</li><li>2004 - <b>Winner</b> Best Actor for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swades" title="Swades">Swades</a></i></li><li>2004 - Nominated Best Actor for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Hoon_Na" title="Main Hoon Na">Main Hoon Na</a></i></li><li>2004 - Nominated Best Actor for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veer_Zaara" title="Veer Zaara">Veer Zaara</a></i></li><li>2004 - <b>Winner</b> Filmfare Power Award</li><li>2006 - Nominated Best Actor for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhi_Alvida_Naa_Kehna" title="Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna">Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna</a></i></li><li>2006 - Nominated Best Actor for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_-_The_Chase_Begins_Again" title="Don - The Chase Begins Again">Don - The Chase Begins Again</a></i></li></ul> <p><a name="Other_Awards" id="Other_Awards"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Other Awards</span></h3> <p>He has won ten Rupa Cinegoers Awards, six Star Screen Videocon Awards, six Sansui Viewers Choice Movie Awards, four <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zee_Cine_Awards&action=edit" class="new" title="Zee Cine Awards">Zee Cine Awards</a>, four People's Choice Movie Awards, three <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIFA_Awards" title="IIFA Awards">IIFA Awards</a>, three Zee Gold Bollywood Awards, two AFJA Awards, one Aashirwad Award, one Disney Kids Channel Award, one MTV Immies Indian Music Excellence Awards, and one Sports World Film Award.</p> <p><a name="National_Honors" id="National_Honors"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">National Honors</span></h3> <ul><li>1997 - Best Indian Citizen Award</li><li>2002 - Rajiv Gandhi Award for Excellence in the Field of Entertainment</li><li>2005 - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padma_Shri" title="Padma Shri">Padma Shri</a>, India's fourth highest civilian award from the Government of India</li><li>2007 - Adawe Ahmed Farah</li></ul> <p><a name="International_Honors" id="International_Honors"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">International Honors</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DIFF_Dubai_International_Film_Festival&action=edit" class="new" title="DIFF Dubai International Film Festival">DIFF Dubai International Film Festival</a> 2006 honoring <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahrukh_Khan" title="Shahrukh Khan">Shahrukh Khan</a> along with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a>.</li></ul> <p><a name="Trivia" id="Trivia"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Trivia</span></h2> <div class="messagebox cleanup metadata plainlinks"><b>This article or section does not cite its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">references or sources</a>.</b><br /><small>Please help <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Rukh_Khan&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Rukh_Khan&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this article</a> by introducing appropriate citations. (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Help:Contents">help</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">get involved!</a>)<br />This article has been tagged since <b>February 2007</b>.</small></div> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_%28magazine%29" title="Time (magazine)">TIME</a> magazine described Khan as probably the most recognizable actor in the world with an audience of 3.6 billion.<sup id="_ref-timeasia_1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-timeasia" title="">[6]</a></sup></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> newspaper described Khan as 'the world's biggest film star', as per the logic that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> has a global audience of 3.6 billion, while <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood" title="Hollywood">Hollywood</a> has 2.5 billion.<sup id="_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-8" title="">[15]</a></sup></li><li>Khan visits his parents' graves at all times during this trip to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>.</li><li>Khan's wax figure will be unveiled in March at Madame Tussauds in London. His wax figure will join those of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aishwarya_Rai" title="Aishwarya Rai">Aishwarya Rai</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a>. <sup id="_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-9" title="">[16]</a></sup></li><li>Although Khan is best known for playing romantic roles, he has played a villain in five of his movies: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baazigar" title="Baazigar">Baazigar</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darr" title="Darr">Darr</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjaam" title="Anjaam">Anjaam</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplicate" title="Duplicate">Duplicate</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_-_The_Chase_Begins_Again" title="Don - The Chase Begins Again">Don - The Chase Begins Again</a></i>.</li><li>Khan suffers from constant back pain. <sup id="_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-10" title="">[17]</a></sup></li><li>Khan loves computer games and hi-tech gadgets. <sup id="_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-11" title="">[18]</a></sup></li><li>In 2006 one of Khan's security guards was shot dead by another of his security guards.<sup id="_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-12" title="">[19]</a></sup></li><li>He is also known as <i>King Khan</i>.</li><li>Khan is two awards short of matching Dilip Kumar's record for most <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Best_Actor_Award" title="Filmfare Best Actor Award">Filmfare Best Actor</a> awards. Khan has won six <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Best_Actor_Award" title="Filmfare Best Actor Award">Filmfare Best Actor</a> in 16 years.</li><li>A grenade was thrown during Khan's concert in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, killing two people.<sup id="_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-13" title="">[20]</a></sup></li><li>Khan's son <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryan_Khan" title="Aryan Khan">Aryan</a> appeared in a scene in his film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhi_Khushi_Kabhie_Gham" title="Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham">Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham</a></i> playing a younger Khan.</li><li>Although his birth name is spelled <i>Shahrukh</i>, he prefers and signs his name Shah Rukh.<sup class="noprint">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources" style="white-space: nowrap;">citation needed</span></i></a>]</sup></li><li>He is 5 foot 8 inches tall. <sup id="_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-14" title="">[21]</a></sup></li><li>Khan was awarded the 'Sword of Honor' award for Best Student during his time at St. Columba's school, New Delhi. <sup class="noprint">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources" style="white-space: nowrap;">citation needed</span></i></a>]</sup></li></ul> <p><a name="Filmography" id="Filmography"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Filmography</span></h2> <p><a name="Actor" id="Actor"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Actor</span></h3> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Title</th> <th>Role</th> <th>Notes</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_in_film" title="1989 in film">1989</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Which_Annie_Gives_it_Those_Ones" title="In Which Annie Gives it Those Ones">In Which Annie Gives it Those Ones</a></i></td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_in_film" title="1992 in film">1992</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deewana" title="Deewana">Deewana</a></i></td> <td>Raja Sahai</td> <td><b>Won</b>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Best_Debut_Award" title="Filmfare Best Debut Award">Filmfare Best Debut Award</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya_Memsaab" title="Maya Memsaab">Maya Memsaab</a></i></td> <td>Lalit</td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_Aashna_Hai" title="Dil Aashna Hai">Dil Aashna Hai</a></i></td> <td>Karan</td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raju_Ban_Gaya_Gentleman" title="Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman">Raju Ban Gaya Gentleman</a></i></td> <td>Raju</td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamatkar" title="Chamatkar">Chamatkar</a></i></td> <td>Sunder Srivastava</td> <td><br /></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_in_film" title="1993 in film">1993</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhi_Haan_Kabhi_Naa" title="Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa">Kabhi Haan Kabhi Naa</a></i></td> <td>Sunil</td> <td><b>Won</b>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Critics_Award_for_Best_Performance" title="Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance">Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darr" title="Darr">Darr</a></i></td> <td>Rahul Mehra</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baazigar" title="Baazigar">Baazigar</a></i></td> <td>Ajay Sharma/Vicky Malhotra</td> <td><b>Won</b>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Best_Actor_Award" title="Filmfare Best Actor Award">Filmfare Best Actor Award</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Uncle" title="King Uncle">King Uncle</a></i></td> <td>Anil</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_in_film" title="1994 in film">1994</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjaam" title="Anjaam">Anjaam</a></i></td> <td>Vijay Agnihotri</td> <td><b>Won</b>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Best_Villain_Award" title="Filmfare Best Villain Award">Filmfare Best Villain Award</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_in_film" title="1995 in film">1995</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimurti_%28film%29" title="Trimurti (film)">Trimurti</a></i></td> <td>Romi Singh/Bholey</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Jaane" title="Ram Jaane">Ram Jaane</a></i></td> <td>Ram Jaane</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilwale_Dulhania_Le_Jayenge" title="Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge">Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge</a></i></td> <td>Raj Malhotra</td> <td><b>Won</b>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Best_Actor_Award" title="Filmfare Best Actor Award">Filmfare Best Actor Award</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Darling%21_Yeh_Hai_India" title="Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India">Oh Darling! Yeh Hai India</a></i></td> <td>Hero</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guddu" title="Guddu">Guddu</a></i></td> <td>Guddu Bahadur</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamana_Deewana" title="Zamana Deewana">Zamana Deewana</a></i></td> <td>Rahul Malhotra</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karan_Arjun" title="Karan Arjun">Karan Arjun</a></i></td> <td>Arjun Singh/Vijay</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_in_film" title="1996 in film">1996</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dushman_Duniya_Ka&action=edit" class="new" title="Dushman Duniya Ka">Dushman Duniya Ka</a></i></td> <td>Badru</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Army_%28film%29" title="Army (film)">Army</a></i></td> <td>Arjun</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaahat" title="Chaahat">Chaahat</a></i></td> <td>Roop Rathore</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Babu_Desi_Mem" title="English Babu Desi Mem">English Babu Desi Mem</a></i></td> <td>Vikram/Hari/Gopal Mayur</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_in_film" title="1997 in film">1997</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_To_Pagal_Hai" title="Dil To Pagal Hai">Dil To Pagal Hai</a></i></td> <td>Rahul</td> <td><b>Won</b>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Best_Actor_Award" title="Filmfare Best Actor Award">Filmfare Best Actor Award</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pardes" title="Pardes">Pardes</a></i></td> <td>Arjun Saagar</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yes_Boss" title="Yes Boss">Yes Boss</a></i></td> <td>Rahul</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyla" title="Koyla">Koyla</a></i></td> <td>Shanker</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gudgudee&action=edit" class="new" title="Gudgudee">Gudgudee</a></i></td> <td><i>Special Appearance</i></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_in_film" title="1998 in film">1998</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuch_Kuch_Hota_Hai" title="Kuch Kuch Hota Hai">Kuch Kuch Hota Hai</a></i></td> <td>Rahul Khanna</td> <td><b>Won</b>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Best_Actor_Award" title="Filmfare Best Actor Award">Filmfare Best Actor Award</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_Se" title="Dil Se">Dil Se</a></i></td> <td>Amarkant Varma</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Achanak&action=edit" class="new" title="Achanak">Achanak</a></i></td> <td><i>Special Appearance</i></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplicate" title="Duplicate">Duplicate</a></i></td> <td>Bablu Chaudhry/Manu Dada</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baadshah" title="Baadshah">Baadshah</a></i></td> <td>Raj 'Baadshah'Heera</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_in_film" title="2000 in film">2000</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaja_Gamini" title="Gaja Gamini">Gaja Gamini</a></i></td> <td>Shahrukh, <i>Special Appearance</i></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohabbatein" title="Mohabbatein">Mohabbatein</a></i></td> <td>Raj Aryan Malhotra</td> <td><b>Won</b>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Critics_Award_for_Best_Performance" title="Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance">Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance</a><br />Nominated, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Best_Actor_Award" title="Filmfare Best Actor Award">Filmfare Best Actor Award</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Har_Dil_Jo_Pyar_Karega" title="Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega">Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega</a></i></td> <td>Rahul, <i>Special Appearance</i></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_%28film%29" title="Josh (film)">Josh</a></i></td> <td>Max</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Ram" title="Hey Ram">Hey Ram</a></i></td> <td>Amjad Ali Khan</td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_India%27s_official_entries_to_the_Oscars" title="List of India's official entries to the Oscars">India's official entry to the Oscars</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phir_Bhi_Dil_Hai_Hindustani" title="Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani">Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani</a></i></td> <td>Ajay Bakshi</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_film" title="2001 in film">2001</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhi_Khushi_Kabhie_Gham" title="Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham">Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham</a></i></td> <td>Rahul Raichand</td> <td>Nominated, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Best_Actor_Award" title="Filmfare Best Actor Award">Filmfare Best Actor Award</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asoka_%28film%29" title="Asoka (film)">Asoka</a></i></td> <td>Asoka</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_2_Ka_4" title="One 2 Ka 4">One 2 Ka 4</a></i></td> <td>Arun Verma</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_in_film" title="2002 in film">2002</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saathiya" title="Saathiya">Saathiya</a></i></td> <td>Yeshwant Rao, <i>Special Appearance</i></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakti_%282002_film%29" title="Shakti (2002 film)">Shakti: The Power</a></i></td> <td>Jaisingh</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devdas_%282002_film%29" title="Devdas (2002 film)">Devdas</a></i></td> <td>Devdas Mukherjee</td> <td><b>Won</b>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Best_Actor_Award" title="Filmfare Best Actor Award">Filmfare Best Actor Award</a>, India's entry to Oscars</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_Tumhare_Hain_Sanam" title="Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam">Hum Tumhare Hain Sanam</a></i></td> <td>Gopal</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_in_film" title="2003 in film">2003</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal_Ho_Naa_Ho" title="Kal Ho Naa Ho">Kal Ho Naa Ho</a></i></td> <td>Aman Mathur</td> <td>Nominated, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Best_Actor_Award" title="Filmfare Best Actor Award">Filmfare Best Actor Award</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalte_Chalte" title="Chalte Chalte">Chalte Chalte</a></i></td> <td>Raj Mathur</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_film" title="2004 in film">2004</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swades" title="Swades">Swades</a></i></td> <td>Mohan Bhargava</td> <td><b>Won</b>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Best_Actor_Award" title="Filmfare Best Actor Award">Filmfare Best Actor Award</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_Hain_Lajawab" title="Hum Hain Lajawab">Hum Hain Lajawab</a></i></td> <td>Mr. Lajawab</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veer-Zaara" title="Veer-Zaara">Veer-Zaara</a></i></td> <td>Veer Pratap Singh</td> <td>Nominated, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Best_Actor_Award" title="Filmfare Best Actor Award">Filmfare Best Actor Award</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Hoon_Na" title="Main Hoon Na">Main Hoon Na</a></i></td> <td>Maj. Ram Prasad Sharma</td> <td>Nominated, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Best_Actor_Award" title="Filmfare Best Actor Award">Filmfare Best Actor Award</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeh_Lamhe_Judaai_Ke&action=edit" class="new" title="Yeh Lamhe Judaai Ke">Yeh Lamhe Judaai Ke</a></i></td> <td>Dushant</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_film" title="2005 in film">2005</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inner_and_Outer_World_of_Shah_Rukh_Khan" title="The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan">The Inner and Outer World of Shah Rukh Khan</a></i></td> <td>Himself (Biopic)</td> <td>Documentary directed by British-based author and director Nasreen Munni Kabir</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paheli" title="Paheli">Paheli</a></i></td> <td>Kishen/The Ghost</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silsiilay&action=edit" class="new" title="Silsiilay">Silsiilay</a></i></td> <td>Sutradhar, <i>Special Appearance</i></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaal" title="Kaal">Kaal</a></i></td> <td><i>Special appearance</i> in song <i>Kaal Dhamaal</i></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuchh_Meetha_Ho_Jaye&action=edit" class="new" title="Kuchh Meetha Ho Jaye">Kuchh Meetha Ho Jaye</a></i></td> <td>Himself, <i>Special Appearance</i></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_film" title="2006 in film">2006</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alag" title="Alag">Alag</a></i></td> <td><i>Special appearance</i> in song <i>Sabse Alag</i></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhi_Alvida_Naa_Kehna" title="Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna">Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna</a></i></td> <td>Dev Saran</td> <td>Nominated, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Best_Actor_Award" title="Filmfare Best Actor Award">Filmfare Best Actor Award</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_-_The_Chase_Begins_Again" title="Don - The Chase Begins Again">Don - The Chase Begins Again</a></i></td> <td>Don/Vijay</td> <td>Nominated, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmfare_Best_Actor_Award" title="Filmfare Best Actor Award">Filmfare Best Actor Award</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_See_You" title="I See You">I See You</a></i></td> <td><i>Special Appearance</i> in <i>Subah Subah</i> song</td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_film" title="2007 in film">2007</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulha_Mil_Gaya" title="Dulha Mil Gaya">Dulha Mil Gaya</a></i></td> <td><br /></td> <td>Announced <sup id="_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-15" title="">[22]</a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_Shanti_Om" title="Om Shanti Om">Om Shanti Om</a></i></td> <td>Om</td> <td>Filming started January 7th<sup id="_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-16" title="">[23]</a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhoom_Barabar_Jhoom" title="Jhoom Barabar Jhoom">Jhoom Barabar Jhoom</a></i></td> <td><i>Special Appearance</i></td> <td>Shooting<sup id="_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-17" title="">[24]</a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chak_De_India" title="Chak De India">Chak De India</a></i></td> <td>Hockey Coach: Kabir Khan</td> <td>Shooting<sup id="_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_note-18" title="">[25]</a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td><br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><a name="Producer" id="Producer"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Producer</span></h3> <ul><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phir_Bhi_Dil_Hai_Hindustani" title="Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani">Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_in_film" title="2000 in film">2000</a>)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asoka_%28film%29" title="Asoka (film)">Asoka</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_film" title="2001 in film">2001</a>)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalte_Chalte" title="Chalte Chalte">Chalte Chalte</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_in_film" title="2003 in film">2003</a>)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Hoon_Na" title="Main Hoon Na">Main Hoon Na</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_film" title="2004 in film">2004</a>)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaal" title="Kaal">Kaal</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_film" title="2005 in film">2005</a>)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paheli" title="Paheli">Paheli</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_film" title="2005 in film">2005</a>)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Om_Shanti_Om" title="Om Shanti Om">Om Shanti Om</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_film" title="2007 in film">2007</a>)</li></ul> <p><a name="Playback_singer" id="Playback_singer"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Playback singer</span></h3> <ul><li>Apun bola - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_%28film%29" title="Josh (film)">Josh</a> (2000)</li><li>Ankhein Khuli - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohabbatein" title="Mohabbatein">Mohabbatein</a> (2000)</li><li>Khaike paan banaraswala - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_-_The_Chase_Begins_Again" title="Don - The Chase Begins Again">Don - The Chase Begins Again</a> (2006)</li><li>Karle Karle - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaun_Banega_Crorepati" title="Kaun Banega Crorepati">Kaun Banega Crorepati</a> (2007)</li><li>Main To Hoon Pagal - <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baadshah" title="Baadshah">Baadshah</a> (1998)</li></ul> <p><a name="Stunts_Director" id="Stunts_Director"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Stunts Director</span></h3> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuch_Kuch_Hota_Hai" title="Kuch Kuch Hota Hai">Kuch Kuch Hota Hai</a> (1998)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Hoon_Na" title="Main Hoon Na">Main Hoon Na</a> (2004)</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhi_Alvida_Naa_Kehna" title="Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna">Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna</a> (2006)</li></ul> <p><a name="TV_career" id="TV_career"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">TV career</span></h3> <ul><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauji" title="Fauji">Fauji</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a>) TV Series ... Abhimanyu Rai</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Circus_%28TV_Series%29&action=edit" class="new" title="Circus (TV Series)">Circus (TV Series)</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989" title="1989">1989</a>)</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idiot_%28TV_Series%29&action=edit" class="new" title="Idiot (TV Series)">Idiot (TV Series)</a></i> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>) TV Series ... Pawan Raghujan</li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kareena_Kareena&action=edit" class="new" title="Kareena Kareena">Kareena Kareena</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>) <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zee_TV" title="Zee TV">Zee TV</a> Series...Special Apperance</i></li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaun_Banega_Crorepati" title="Kaun Banega Crorepati">Kaun Banega Crorepati</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>) TV series ... Host</i></li><li><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antakshari_The_Great_Challenge&action=edit" class="new" title="Antakshari The Great Challenge">Antakshari The Great Challenge</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>) TV series ... Special Guest</i></li></ul> <p><a name="References" id="References"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">References</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"><li id="_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-0" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://specials.rediff.com/news/2004/may/31sl02.htm" class="external text" title="http://specials.rediff.com/news/2004/may/31sl02.htm" rel="nofollow">The Shah Rukh Connection</a></li><li id="_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-1" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://specials.rediff.com/news/2004/may/31sl02.htm" class="external text" title="http://specials.rediff.com/news/2004/may/31sl02.htm" rel="nofollow">Rediff News Gallery: The Shah Rukh Khan Connection</a></li><li id="_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-2" title="">^</a></b> cited from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deccan_chronicle&action=edit" class="new" title="Deccan chronicle">Deccan chronicle</a> newspaper, 25/1/2007</li><li id="_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-3" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television/2002/october/32887.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television/2002/october/32887.htm" rel="nofollow">The camera chose Shah Rukh Khan</a></li><li id="_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-4" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2204900.stm" class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/2204900.stm" rel="nofollow">Shahrukh goes global</a></li><li id="_note-timeasia">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-timeasia_0" title=""><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-timeasia_1" title=""><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <cite style="font-style: normal;">(October 11, 2004) "<a href="http://www.time.com/time/asia/2004/heroes/hshah_rukh_khan.html" class="external text" title="http://www.time.com/time/asia/2004/heroes/hshah_rukh_khan.html" rel="nofollow">Bollywood's Brightest Star</a>". <i>TIMEasia Magazine</i>. Retrieved on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>-<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_11" title="January 11">01-11</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.atitle=Bollywood%27s+Brightest+Star&rft.title=TIMEasia+Magazine&rft.jtitle=TIMEasia+Magazine&rft.date=October+11%2C+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fasia%2F2004%2Fheroes%2Fhshah_rukh_khan.html"> </span></li><li id="_note-alltimebox"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-alltimebox_0" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.boxofficeindia.com/alltime.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.boxofficeindia.com/alltime.htm" rel="nofollow">All Time Grossers Inflation Adjusted</a>. <i>boxofficeindia.com</i>. Retrieved on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_14" title="January 14">14 January</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>.</li><li id="_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-5" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayArticle.php?id=011307064804" class="external text" title="http://www.planetbollywood.com/displayArticle.php?id=011307064804" rel="nofollow">´DDLJ´ Enters The Twelfth Year At The Theaters!</a>. <i>planetbollywood.com</i>. Retrieved on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_14" title="January 14">14 January</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>.</li><li id="_note-highest_grossers_of_2000"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-highest_grossers_of_2000_0" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.boxofficeindia.com/2000.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.boxofficeindia.com/2000.htm" rel="nofollow">Highest grossers of 2000</a>. <i>boxofficeindia.com</i>. Retrieved on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">20 January</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>.</li><li id="_note-highest_grossers_of_2001"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-highest_grossers_of_2001_0" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.boxofficeindia.com/2001.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.boxofficeindia.com/2001.htm" rel="nofollow">Highest grossers of 2001</a>. <i>boxofficeindia.com</i>. Retrieved on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">20 January</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>.</li><li id="_note-highest_grossers_of_2003"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-highest_grossers_of_2003_0" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.boxofficeindia.com/2003.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.boxofficeindia.com/2003.htm" rel="nofollow">Highest grossers of 2003</a>. <i>boxofficeindia.com</i>. Retrieved on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">20 January</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>.</li><li id="_note-highest_grossers_of_2004"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-highest_grossers_of_2004_0" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.boxofficeindia.com/2004.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.boxofficeindia.com/2004.htm" rel="nofollow">Highest grossers of 2004</a>. <i>boxofficeindia.com</i>. Retrieved on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_20" title="January 20">20 January</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>.</li><li id="_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-6" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/01/18/arts/AS-A-E-TV-India-Millionaire-Show.php" class="external text" title="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/01/18/arts/AS-A-E-TV-India-Millionaire-Show.php" rel="nofollow">Bollywood star Shah Rukh Khan prepares to take over India's most popular television show</a>. <i>iht.com</i>. Retrieved on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_19" title="January 19">19 January</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>.</li><li id="_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-7" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.businessofcinema.com/2007/22jan/shahrukh_kbc.htm" class="external text" title="http://www.businessofcinema.com/2007/22jan/shahrukh_kbc.htm" rel="nofollow">Shahrukh Khan praised as the host of KBC</a>. <i>businessofcinema.com</i>. Retrieved on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/February_8" title="February 8">8 February</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007" title="2007">2007</a>.</li><li id="_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-8" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://film.guardian.co.uk/interview/interviewpages/0,,1837317,00.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://film.guardian.co.uk/interview/interviewpages/0,,1837317,00.html" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></li><li id="_note-9"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-9" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.internationalreporter.com/news/read.php?id=1696" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.internationalreporter.com/news/read.php?id=1696" rel="nofollow">[2]</a></li><li id="_note-10"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-10" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/17srk.htm" class="external text" title="http://in.rediff.com/movies/2005/oct/17srk.htm" rel="nofollow">Shah Rukh's inner world</a></li><li id="_note-11"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-11" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan" rel="nofollow">[3]</a></li><li id="_note-12"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-12" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4793735.stm" class="external text" title="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4793735.stm" rel="nofollow">Bollywood star's guard shot dead.</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</li><li id="_note-13"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-13" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=43,413,0,0,1,0" class="external text" title="http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=43,413,0,0,1,0" rel="nofollow">Blast rocks Shah Rukh Khan's Lanka show</a></li><li id="_note-14"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-14" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0451321/bio" class="external text" title="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0451321/bio" rel="nofollow">Biodata from</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></li><li id="_note-15"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-15" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.indiafm.com/news/2006/12/29/8534/index.html" class="external text" title="http://www.indiafm.com/news/2006/12/29/8534/index.html" rel="nofollow">Dulha Mil Gaya</a></li><li id="_note-16"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-16" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.indiafm.com/news/2006/12/29/8528/index.html" class="external text" title="http://www.indiafm.com/news/2006/12/29/8528/index.html" rel="nofollow">India FM: No postponement!</a></li><li id="_note-17"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-17" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.bollywoodpremiere.com/movies/news/06/jul/srkamitabh-26.php" class="external text" title="http://www.bollywoodpremiere.com/movies/news/06/jul/srkamitabh-26.php" rel="nofollow">SRK and Amitabh Bachchan to shake a leg for Yashraj's 'Jhoom Barabar Jhoom'</a></li><li id="_note-18"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan#_ref-18" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://content.msn.co.in/Entertainment/Bollywood/Bollywood_Indiafm_290906_250.htm" class="external text" title="http://content.msn.co.in/Entertainment/Bollywood/Bollywood_Indiafm_290906_250.htm" rel="nofollow">Chak De! India</a></li></ol> </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7017443809156893070.post-4634906786367368442007-02-24T05:57:00.001-08:002007-02-24T05:57:38.213-08:00nicolas cage<h2><span class="mw-headline">Biography</span></h2> <p><a name="Early_life" id="Early_life"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Cage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Early life</span></h3> <p>Cage was born <b>Nicolas Kim Coppola</b> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach%2C_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a>. His father, August Floyd Coppola, is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_literature" title="Comparative literature">comparative literature</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a> and a pioneer of studies for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind" title="Blind">blind</a>, while his mother, Joy Vogelsang, is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choreographer" title="Choreographer">choreographer</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dancer" title="Dancer">dancer</a> who suffered from chronic depression;<sup id="_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_note-1" title="">[3]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_note-2" title="">[4]</a></sup> the two divorced in 1976. Cage's father is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_American" title="Italian American">Italian American</a>, with his paternal grandparents being <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmine_Coppola" title="Carmine Coppola">Carmine Coppola</a> and Italia Coppola, an actress. Through his father, Cage is the nephew of director <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> and actress <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talia_Shire" title="Talia Shire">Talia Shire</a>, as well as the cousin of director <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Coppola" title="Sofia Coppola">Sofia Coppola</a> and actors <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Carmine" title="Robert Carmine">Robert Carmine</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Schwartzman" title="Jason Schwartzman">Jason Schwartzman</a>. Cage's two brothers are Christopher Coppola, a director, and Marc "The Cope" Coppola, a New York radio personality. Cage was raised in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> religion.<sup id="_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_note-3" title="">[5]</a></sup></p> <p>Cage, who went to the same high school as fellow entertainers <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Brooks" title="Albert Brooks">Albert Brooks</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_Jolie" title="Angelina Jolie">Angelina Jolie</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenny_Kravitz" title="Lenny Kravitz">Lenny Kravitz</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Reiner" title="Rob Reiner">Rob Reiner</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Schwimmer" title="David Schwimmer">David Schwimmer</a>, aspired to act from an early age.<sup id="_ref-imdb_0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_note-imdb" title="">[6]</a></sup> His first (non-cinematic) acting experience was in a school production of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Boy" title="Golden Boy">Golden Boy</a></i>.</p> <p><a name="Career" id="Career"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Cage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Career</span></h3> <p>In order to avoid cries of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a> as the nephew of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a>, Cage changed his name from Nicolas Coppola early in his career.<sup id="_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_note-4" title="">[7]</a></sup> The assumed surname is inspired by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel Comics</a> character <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luke_Cage" title="Luke Cage">Luke Cage</a>, a streetwise superhero.<sup id="_ref-imdb_1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_note-imdb" title="">[6]</a></sup> Since his feature film debut in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Times_at_Ridgemont_High" title="Fast Times at Ridgemont High">Fast Times at Ridgemont High</a></i>, in which he had a minute role opposite <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Penn" title="Sean Penn">Sean Penn</a>, Cage has appeared in a wide range of films, both mainstream and offbeat, including lead in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire%27s_Kiss" title="Vampire's Kiss">Vampire's Kiss</a>.</p> <p>Cage has twice been nominated for an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> and won once, for his performance as a suicidal alcoholic in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaving_Las_Vegas" title="Leaving Las Vegas">Leaving Las Vegas</a></i>. His other nomination was for playing real-life screenwriter <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Kaufman" title="Charlie Kaufman">Charlie Kaufman</a> and Kaufman's fictional twin Donald in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">Adaptation</a></i>. Both of those films were offbeat, low-budget films to which Cage lent his superstar clout. Despite these successes, most of his lower-profile films have performed poorly at the box office compared with his more mainstream, action-filled efforts. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>, for example, audiences ignored two offbeat, non-mainstream films he headlined, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_War" title="Lord of War">Lord of War</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weather_Man" title="The Weather Man">The Weather Man</a></i>. Despite good reviews for his acting and nationwide releases for both films, neither found a significant audience. Poor reviews for the film 'The Wicker Man' did not, inversely, create a hit.</p> <p>Most of his financial successes have come from his forays into the action-adventure genre. In his highest grossing film to date, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Treasure_%28film%29" title="National Treasure (film)">National Treasure</a></i>, he played a neurotic historian who goes on a dangerous adventure to find treasure hidden by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a>. Other action hits in which Cage has starred include <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rock_%28film%29" title="The Rock (film)">The Rock</a></i>, in which he played a young FBI chemical weapons expert who infiltrates <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcatraz_Island" title="Alcatraz Island">Alcatraz Island</a> in hopes of neutralizing a terrorist threat, and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_%28film%29" title="World Trade Center (film)">World Trade Center</a></i>, director <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Stone" title="Oliver Stone">Oliver Stone</a>'s film regarding the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11%2C_2001_attacks" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a>.</p> <p>In recent years, Cage has experimented in other film-related fields besides acting. He made his directorial debut with <i>Sonny</i>, a low-budget drama starring <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franco" title="James Franco">James Franco</a> as a male prostitute whose mother (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda_Blethyn" title="Brenda Blethyn">Brenda Blethyn</a>) serves as his pimp.<sup id="_ref-saturn_1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_note-saturn" title="">[2]</a></sup> Cage had a small role in the grim film, which received poor reviews and a short run in a limited number of theatres.</p> <p>Cage's producing career has seen more success. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_of_the_Vampire" title="Shadow of the Vampire">Shadow of the Vampire</a></i>, the first film produced by Saturn Films<sup id="_ref-saturn_2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_note-saturn" title="">[2]</a></sup>, the company he founded with partner Norm Golightly, was nominated for an Academy Award. He also produced <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Life_of_David_Gale" title="The Life of David Gale">The Life of David Gale</a></i>, a death penalty-themed thriller with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Spacey" title="Kevin Spacey">Kevin Spacey</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Winslet" title="Kate Winslet">Kate Winslet</a>.</p> <p>In early December 2006, Cage announced at the Bahamas International Film Festival that he would be taking time off from acting. Accordingly, he has eight films currently in the works. Cage said, "I feel I've made a lot of movies already and I want to start exploring other opportunities that I can apply myself to, whether it's writing or other interests that I may develop".<sup id="_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_note-5" title="">[8]</a></sup> Cage is listed as the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_producer" title="Executive producer">executive producer</a> of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dresden_Files_%28TV_series%29" title="The Dresden Files (TV series)">The Dresden Files</a></i> on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sci_Fi_Channel_%28United_States%29" title="Sci Fi Channel (United States)">Sci-Fi Channel</a>.</p> <p><a name="Personal_life" id="Personal_life"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Cage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Personal life</span></h3> <p>In his early 20s, he dated <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Wright" title="Jenny Wright">Jenny Wright</a> for two years and was later involved with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uma_Thurman" title="Uma Thurman">Uma Thurman</a>. Cage has been married three times:</p> <ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Arquette" title="Patricia Arquette">Patricia Arquette</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_8" title="April 8">April 8</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_18" title="May 18">May 18</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>) - Cage proposed to on the day he met her in the early 80's. Arquette thought he was strange, but played along with his antics by creating a list of things Cage would have to do to <i>"win her hand"</i>, including obtaining the autograph of reclusive author <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.D._Salinger" title="J.D. Salinger">J.D. Salinger</a>. However, when he seriously started working through the list of demands, Arquette became scared and avoided him. However they met again many years later and went on to marry.</li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Marie_Presley" title="Lisa Marie Presley">Lisa Marie Presley</a> (Married on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_10" title="August 10">August 10</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002" title="2002">2002</a> and separated after four months in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2002" title="December 2002">December 2002</a>; their divorce was finalised on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May_16" title="May 16">May 16</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a>) - the daughter of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>, of whom Cage is a fan and based his performance in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_at_Heart_%28film%29" title="Wild at Heart (film)">Wild at Heart</a></i> on. He later said they shouldn't have been married in the first place. <sup id="_ref-imdb_2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_note-imdb" title="">[6]</a></sup></li><li>His third (and current) wife, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean-American" title="Korean-American">Korean-American</a> Alice Kim, is a former Kabuki restaurant waitress, with whom he has a son, Kal-El (born <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_3" title="October 3">October 3</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>). Nicolas and Alice met in February, 2004 at Le Privé, a Los Angeles nightclub. He took her to the Oscars a few weeks later, and married her in July 2004. Cage had a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malibu%2C_California" title="Malibu, California">Malibu</a> home where the couple lived, but in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a> he bought a property on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_Island" title="Paradise Island">Paradise Island</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a> he sold his Malibu home for $10 million. In May <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a> he bought a 40 acre island in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exuma" title="Exuma">Exuma</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> which had been on the market for $3 million, some 85 miles southeast of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau" title="Nassau">Nassau</a> and close to a similar island owned by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_Hill" title="Faith Hill">Faith Hill</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_McGraw" title="Tim McGraw">Tim McGraw</a><sup id="_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_note-6" title="">[9]</a></sup>.</li><li>On <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_19" title="July 19">19 July</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a> Cage bought the old medieval castle of <i>Schloss Neidstein</i> (see <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schloss_Neidstein" class="extiw" title="de:Schloss_Neidstein">de:Schloss Neidstein</a>) in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberpfalz" title="Oberpfalz">Oberpfalz</a> region in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. His grandmother was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a>, living in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochem" title="Cochem">Cochem an der Mosel</a>.<sup id="_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_note-7" title="">[10]</a></sup></li></ul> <p>The name of his second child, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal-El" title="Kal-El">Kal-El</a> is also the birth name of Superman in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics" title="DC Comics">DC Comics</a> universe. Cage is a long-term fan of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comic_books" title="Comic books">comics</a> and considers them to be the modern equivalent of mythology. He was once attached to play <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superman" title="Superman">Superman</a> in a film to be directed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a>. Cage even did fittings of the costume, but the project <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancelled_Superman_films" title="Cancelled Superman films">died</a> due to budget and screenplay concerns. Nicolas was Director <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Raimi" title="Sam Raimi">Sam Raimi</a>'s first choice to play Norman Osborn/Green Goblin in the movie <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider-Man" title="Spider-Man">Spider-Man</a>). Apparently this was before he met <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem_Dafoe" title="Willem Dafoe">Willem Dafoe</a>. Cage also has a tattoo of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Rider" title="Ghost Rider">Ghost Rider</a> on his body (which, in an ironic twist, had to be covered with makeup when he played the character in a big-budget film adaptation).</p> <p><a name="Personal_intrests" id="Personal_intrests"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Cage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Personal intrests">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Personal intrests</span></h3> <p>Cage is also a fan of folklore and mythology, and has always shown an affinity towards study of the occult, history, and arcane lore. His favorite movie is director <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>'s controversial film, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Clockwork_Orange_%28film%29" title="A Clockwork Orange (film)">A Clockwork Orange</a></i>.</p> <p>In the second week of February 2007 while appearing on the 'Tonight Show' with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay_Leno" title="Jay Leno">Jay Leno</a> promoting his new movie <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Rider" title="Ghost Rider">Ghost Rider</a>, Cage stated that one of his “great interests…was 16th century German mysticism”, which can only be meant the writings of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Boehme" title="Jacob Boehme">Jacob Boehme</a>, a prolific author of Neoplatonic-like mysticism and speculation about the One (Godhead).</p> <p>Cage has many close friends within the entertainment industry, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Carrey" title="Jim Carrey">Jim Carrey</a> (whom he met on the set of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Sue_Got_Married" title="Peggy Sue Got Married">Peggy Sue Got Married</a></i>), late musician <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Ramone" title="Johnny Ramone">Johnny Ramone</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Waits" title="Tom Waits">Tom Waits</a>. He trains in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu" title="Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu">Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu</a> under instructor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royce_Gracie" title="Royce Gracie">Royce Gracie</a> and was given an Honorary Doctorate in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_Arts" title="Fine Arts">Fine Arts</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University" title="California State University">California State University</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerton" title="Fullerton">Fullerton</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/May" title="May">May</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>. Cage delivered a speech at the commencement.</p> <p>Cage is an avid collector of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossils" title="Fossils">fossils</a> and according to a <i>Simpsons</i> Series 9 DVD commentary, once paid $60, 000 for a collection of 12 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilobite" title="Trilobite">trilobites</a>, outbidding a member of the writing team on popular animated TV series "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a>". The writer claims that when returning to the auction house a year later the curator informed him that he had grossly overpaid.</p> <p><a name="Filmography" id="Filmography"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Cage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Filmography">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Filmography</span></h2> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Film</th> <th>Role</th> <th>U.S. box office gross</th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Times_at_Ridgemont_High" title="Fast Times at Ridgemont High">Fast Times at Ridgemont High</a></i></td> <td>Brad's Bud</td> <td>$27,092,880</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_in_film" title="1983 in film">1983</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley_Girl_%28film%29" title="Valley Girl (film)">Valley Girl</a></i></td> <td>Randy</td> <td>$17,343,596</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumble_Fish" title="Rumble Fish">Rumble Fish</a></i></td> <td>Smokey</td> <td>$2,494,480</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1984_in_film" title="1984 in film">1984</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_with_the_Moon" title="Racing with the Moon">Racing with the Moon</a></i></td> <td>Nicky and Bud</td> <td>$6,045,647</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cotton_Club_%28film%29" title="The Cotton Club (film)">The Cotton Club</a></i></td> <td>Vincent Dwyer</td> <td>$25,928,721</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdy_%28film%29" title="Birdy (film)">Birdy</a></i></td> <td>Sergeant l Columbato</td> <td>$1,455,045</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1986_in_film" title="1986 in film">1986</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boy_in_Blue" title="The Boy in Blue">The Boy in Blue</a></i></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ned_Hanlan" title="Ned Hanlan">Ned Hanlan</a></td> <td>$275,000</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy_Sue_Got_Married" title="Peggy Sue Got Married">Peggy Sue Got Married</a></i></td> <td>Charlie Bodell</td> <td>$41,382,841</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987_in_film" title="1987 in film">1987</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_Arizona" title="Raising Arizona">Raising Arizona</a></i></td> <td>H. I. McDunnough</td> <td>$22,847,564</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonstruck" title="Moonstruck">Moonstruck</a></i></td> <td>Ronny Cammareri</td> <td>$80,640,528</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_in_film" title="1988 in film">1988</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Never_on_Tuesday" title="Never on Tuesday">Never on Tuesday</a></i></td> <td>Man In Red Sports Car</td> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_in_film" title="1989 in film">1989</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire%27s_Kiss" title="Vampire's Kiss">Vampire's Kiss</a></i></td> <td>Peter Leow</td> <td>$725,131</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990_in_film" title="1990 in film">1990</a></td> <td><i>Time to Kill</i></td> <td>Enrico Silvestri</td> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_Birds" title="Fire Birds">Fire Birds</a></i></td> <td>Jake Preston</td> <td>$14,760,451</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_at_Heart_%28film%29" title="Wild at Heart (film)">Wild at Heart</a></i></td> <td>Sailor</td> <td>$14,560,247</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zandalee" title="Zandalee">Zandalee</a></i></td> <td>Johnny</td> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_in_film" title="1992 in film">1992</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeymoon_in_Vegas" title="Honeymoon in Vegas">Honeymoon in Vegas</a></i></td> <td>Jack Singer</td> <td>$35,208,854</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_in_film" title="1993 in film">1993</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amos_%26_Andrew" title="Amos & Andrew">Amos & Andrew</a></i></td> <td>Amos Odell</td> <td>$9,745,803</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadfall" title="Deadfall">Deadfall</a></i></td> <td>Eddie</td> <td>$18,369</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994_in_film" title="1994 in film">1994</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Century_of_Cinema" title="A Century of Cinema">A Century of Cinema</a></i></td> <td><br /></td> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Rock_West" title="Red Rock West">Red Rock West</a></i></td> <td>Michael Williams</td> <td>$2,502,551</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guarding_Tess" title="Guarding Tess">Guarding Tess</a></i></td> <td>Doug Chesnic</td> <td>$27,058,304</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Could_Happen_to_You_%28film%29" title="It Could Happen to You (film)">It Could Happen to You</a></i></td> <td>Charlie Lang</td> <td>$37,939,757</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapped_in_Paradise" title="Trapped in Paradise">Trapped in Paradise</a></i></td> <td>Bill Firpo</td> <td>$6,017,509</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1995_in_film" title="1995 in film">1995</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_of_Death_%281995_film%29" title="Kiss of Death (1995 film)">Kiss of Death</a></i></td> <td>Little Junior Brown</td> <td>$14,942,422</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaving_Las_Vegas" title="Leaving Las Vegas">Leaving Las Vegas</a></i></td> <td>Ben Sanderson</td> <td>$32,029,928</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_in_film" title="1996 in film">1996</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rock_%28film%29" title="The Rock (film)">The Rock</a></i></td> <td>Dr. Stanley Goodspeed</td> <td>$134,069,511</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_in_film" title="1997 in film">1997</a></td> <td><i>Sean Connery, an Intimate Portrait</i></td> <td>Himself</td> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_Air" title="Con Air">Con Air</a></i></td> <td>Cameron Poe</td> <td>$101,117,573</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Face/Off" title="Face/Off">Face/Off</a></i></td> <td>Castor Troy</td> <td>$112,276,146</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_in_film" title="1998 in film">1998</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Angels" title="City of Angels">City of Angels</a></i></td> <td>Seth</td> <td>$78,685,114</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake_Eyes_%28movie%29" title="Snake Eyes (movie)">Snake Eyes</a></i></td> <td>Rick Santoro</td> <td>$55,591,407</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>Junket Whore</i></td> <td>Himself</td> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_in_film" title="1999 in film">1999</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8mm_%28film%29" title="8mm (film)">8mm</a></i></td> <td>Tom Welles</td> <td>$36,663,315</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bringing_Out_the_Dead" title="Bringing Out the Dead">Bringing Out the Dead</a></i></td> <td>Frank Pierce</td> <td>$16,797,191</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_in_film" title="2000 in film">2000</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gone_in_Sixty_Seconds_%282000_film%29" title="Gone in Sixty Seconds (2000 film)">Gone in Sixty Seconds</a></i></td> <td>Randall "Memphis" Raines</td> <td>$101,648,571</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Family_Man" title="The Family Man">The Family Man</a></i></td> <td>Jack Campbell</td> <td>$75,793,305</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>Welcome to Hollywood</i></td> <td>Himself</td> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_film" title="2001 in film">2001</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Soldiers" title="Italian Soldiers">Italian Soldiers</a></i></td> <td>Himself</td> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_Corelli%27s_Mandolin" title="Captain Corelli's Mandolin">Captain Corelli's Mandolin</a></i></td> <td>Captain Antonio Corelli</td> <td>$25,543,895</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Carol:_The_Movie" title="Christmas Carol: The Movie">Christmas Carol: The Movie</a></i></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Marley" title="Jacob Marley">Jacob Marley</a> (Voice)</td> <td>N/A</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_in_film" title="2002 in film">2002</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windtalkers" title="Windtalkers">Windtalkers</a></i></td> <td>Sgt. Joe Enders</td> <td>$40,914,068</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adaptation." title="Adaptation.">Adaptation.</a></i></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Kaufman" title="Charlie Kaufman">Charlie</a> and Donald Kaufman</td> <td>$22,498,520</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i>Sonny</i></td> <td>Acid Yellow (Also director)</td> <td>$30,005</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_in_film" title="2003 in film">2003</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matchstick_Men_%28film%29" title="Matchstick Men (film)">Matchstick Men</a></i></td> <td>Roy Waller</td> <td>$36,906,460</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_in_film" title="2004 in film">2004</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Treasure_%28film%29" title="National Treasure (film)">National Treasure</a></i></td> <td>Ben Gates</td> <td>$173,008,894</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_in_film" title="2005 in film">2005</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_War" title="Lord of War">Lord of War</a></i></td> <td>Yuri Orlov</td> <td>$24,149,632</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Weather_Man" title="The Weather Man">The Weather Man</a></i></td> <td>David Spritz</td> <td>$12,482,775</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_in_film" title="2006 in film">2006</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ant_Bully" title="The Ant Bully">The Ant Bully</a></i></td> <td>Zoc (Voice)</td> <td>$28,142,535</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Trade_Center_%28film%29" title="World Trade Center (film)">World Trade Center</a></i></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McLoughlin_%28World_Trade_Center_attack_survivor%29" title="John McLoughlin (World Trade Center attack survivor)">Sgt. John McLoughlin</a></td> <td>$70,278,893</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wicker_Man_%282006_film%29" title="The Wicker Man (2006 film)">The Wicker Man</a></i></td> <td>Edward Malus</td> <td>$23,649,127</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_film" title="2007 in film">2007</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Rider_%28film%29" title="Ghost Rider (film)">Ghost Rider</a></i></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_Rider_%28Johnny_Blaze%29" title="Ghost Rider (Johnny Blaze)">Ghost Rider (Johnny Blaze)</a></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><a name="Films_under_development" id="Films_under_development"></a></p> <h3><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Cage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Films under development">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Films under development</span></h3> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Film</th> <th>Role</th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_in_film" title="2007 in film">2007</a></td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindhouse_%28film%29" title="Grindhouse (film)">Grindhouse</a></i></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu_Manchu" title="Fu Manchu">Dr. Fu Manchu</a> - segment <i>Werewolf Women of the SS</i></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_%28film%29" title="Next (film)">Next</a></i></td> <td>Cris Johnson</td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_to_Kill" title="Time to Kill">Time to Kill</a></i></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Treasure:_The_Book_of_Secrets" title="National Treasure: The Book of Secrets">National Treasure: The Book of Secrets</a></i></td> <td>Ben Gates</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">TBA</td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sorcerer%27s_Apprentice" title="The Sorcerer's Apprentice">The Sorcerer's Apprentice</a></i></td> <td><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yen_Sid" title="Yen Sid">Yen Sid</a><sup id="_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_note-8" title="">[11]</a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="1">2008</td> <td><i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Share" title="Time Share">Time Share</a></i></td> <td><br /></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><br /></p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 0.5em auto; font-size: 95%;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center;"> <td rowspan="1" align="center" width="30%">Preceded by<br /><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a><br />for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forrest_Gump" title="Forrest Gump">Forrest Gump</a></i></b></td> <td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="1" width="40%"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor" title="Academy Award for Best Actor">Academy Award for Best Actor</a></b><br />1995<br /><b>for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaving_Las_Vegas" title="Leaving Las Vegas">Leaving Las Vegas</a></i></b></td> <td rowspan="1" align="center" width="30%">Succeeded by<br /><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Rush" title="Geoffrey Rush">Geoffrey Rush</a><br />for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine_%28film%29" title="Shine (film)">Shine</a></i></b></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0pt 0pt 0pt 0.5em; background: rgb(249, 249, 249) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; font-size: 85%;" class="tright"> <table style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial;" width="0"> <tbody><tr> <td> <div style="overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 32px; height: 28px;"> <div style="position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px; z-index: 2;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Portal.svg" class="image" title="Portal:Film"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/28px-Portal.svg.png" alt="Portal:Film" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Portal.svg" height="28" width="28" /></a></div> </div> </td> <td><i><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film Portal</a></b></i></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <p><a name="Footnotes" id="Footnotes"></a></p> <h2><span class="editsection">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Cage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</span> <span class="mw-headline">Footnotes</span></h2> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"><li id="_note-0"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_ref-0" title="">^</a></b> According to the State of California. <i>California Birth Index, 1905-1995</i>. Center for Health Statistics, California Department of Health Services, Sacramento, California. At Ancestry.com</li><li id="_note-saturn">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_ref-saturn_0" title=""><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_ref-saturn_1" title=""><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_ref-saturn_2" title=""><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://www.saturnfilms.com/" class="external text" title="http://www.saturnfilms.com/" rel="nofollow">Saturn Films</a>, Cage's production company</li><li id="_note-1"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_ref-1" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.usaweekend.com/97_issues/970601/970601cov_st_cage.html" class="external free" title="http://www.usaweekend.com/97_issues/970601/970601cov_st_cage.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.usaweekend.com/97_issues/970601/970601cov_st_cage.html</a></li><li id="_note-2"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_ref-2" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://au.movies.yahoo.com/Nicolas+Cage/biography/181846/family/" class="external free" title="http://au.movies.yahoo.com/Nicolas+Cage/biography/181846/family/" rel="nofollow">http://au.movies.yahoo.com/Nicolas+Cage/biography/181846/family/</a></li><li id="_note-3"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_ref-3" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://cagefactor.com/aolchat.html" class="external free" title="http://cagefactor.com/aolchat.html" rel="nofollow">http://cagefactor.com/aolchat.html</a></li><li id="_note-imdb">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_ref-imdb_0" title=""><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_ref-imdb_1" title=""><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_ref-imdb_2" title=""><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000115/" class="external text" title="http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000115/" rel="nofollow">Nicolas Cage</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" title="Internet Movie Database">Internet Movie Database</a></li><li id="_note-4"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_ref-4" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.rd.com/content/openContent.do?contentId=28200" class="external free" title="http://www.rd.com/content/openContent.do?contentId=28200" rel="nofollow">http://www.rd.com/content/openContent.do?contentId=28200</a></li><li id="_note-5"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_ref-5" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://news.yahoo.com/s/eonline/20061211/en_movies_eo/538e2299-5566-4447-a0a5-0bcc3bc26e0a" class="external free" title="http://news.yahoo.com/s/eonline/20061211/en_movies_eo/538e2299-5566-4447-a0a5-0bcc3bc26e0a" rel="nofollow">http://news.yahoo.com/s/eonline/20061211/en_movies_eo/538e2299-5566-4447-a0a5-0bcc3bc26e0a</a> 5</li><li id="_note-6"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_ref-6" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://people.aol.com/people/article/0,26334,1195930,00.html" class="external free" title="http://people.aol.com/people/article/0,26334,1195930,00.html" rel="nofollow">http://people.aol.com/people/article/0,26334,1195930,00.html</a></li><li id="_note-7"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_ref-7" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.zeitung.org/zeitung/910086-100,1,0.html" class="external free" title="http://www.zeitung.org/zeitung/910086-100,1,0.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.zeitung.org/zeitung/910086-100,1,0.html</a></li><li id="_note-8"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas_Cage#_ref-8" title="">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3iaab9bb7dce6a1ab9faa815956f417ea6" class="external text" title="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/news/e3iaab9bb7dce6a1ab9faa815956f417ea6" rel="nofollow">Hollywood Reporter article from 2-12-2007 with Nicholas Cage information</a></li></ol> </div>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7017443809156893070.post-29831573937907053212007-02-24T05:56:00.001-08:002007-02-24T05:56:41.836-08:00brad pitt<p>Pitt was born in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shawnee%2C_Oklahoma" title="Shawnee, Oklahoma">Shawnee</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Baptist" title="Southern Baptist">Southern Baptist</a> parents William and Jane Pitt. He and his two siblings, Doug Pitt and Julie Neal Pitt, grew up in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield%2C_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, where the family moved soon after his birth. Pitt's parents and siblings still live near <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield%2C_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield</a>. Brad Pitt is of English ancestry.</p> <p>At <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kickapoo_High_School" title="Kickapoo High School">Kickapoo High School</a>, Pitt was involved in sports, debating, and student government. He attended the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_School_of_Journalism" title="Missouri School of Journalism">Missouri School of Journalism</a> at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri_-_Columbia" title="University of Missouri - Columbia">University of Missouri - Columbia</a> where he became a member of The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigma_Chi" title="Sigma Chi">Sigma Chi</a> fraternity. He was eight credits shy of graduating with a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a> degree in 1986 when he left to try his luck in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood" title="Hollywood">Hollywood</a>. According to one of his former advertising professors at MU, Pitt was working on an independent project that was a calendar called "The Men of Mizzou." He was the creative director for the entire project, but it was never completed and ultimately prevented him from earning his degree. <sup class="noprint">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources" style="white-space: nowrap;">citation needed</span></i></a>]</sup></p> <p>His choice of career was something of a surprise to those around him. Pitt had acted in several fraternity shows, but never really revealed a desire to act professionally. Pitt seemed to show more promise in music. But then suddenly, with no real experience behind him, he simply took off for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> with just $325 in his pockets. <sup class="noprint">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources" style="white-space: nowrap;">citation needed</span></i></a>]</sup></p> <p><a name="Career" id="Career"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Career</span></h2> <p>On arriving in Hollywood, Pitt studied under coach <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_London" title="Roy London">Roy London</a> for six years. He first appeared in the sitcom <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_Of_The_Class" title="Head Of The Class">Head Of The Class</a></i>, for a while dating the show's star <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Givens" title="Robin Givens">Robin Givens</a>. He also guest starred in two episodes of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_Pains" title="Growing Pains">Growing Pains</a></i>.</p> <p>Pitt appeared as Chris in the long-running soap <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_World_%28TV_series%29" title="Another World (TV series)">Another World</a></i>. While auditioning for the show <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_House" title="Our House">Our House</a></i>, he was asked to read for another part, and found himself playing Shalane McCall's boyfriend Charles in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas_%28TV_series%29" title="Dallas (TV series)">Dallas</a></i>. He also had a number of roles in prime time series such as <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirtysomething" title="Thirtysomething">thirtysomething</a></i>, <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/21_Jump_Street" title="21 Jump Street">21 Jump Street</a></i>, and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddy%27s_Nightmares" title="Freddy's Nightmares">Freddy's Nightmares</a></i>. Pitt appeared uncredited in both <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less_Than_Zero_%28film%29" title="Less Than Zero (film)">Less Than Zero</a></i> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Sheen" title="Charlie Sheen">Charlie Sheen</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Man%27s_Land_%281987_film%29" title="No Man's Land (1987 film)">No Man's Land</a></i> before appearing in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_Class" title="Cutting Class">Cutting Class</a></i>, about a maniac stalking cheerleaders. He began dating co-star <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jill_Schoelen" title="Jill Schoelen">Jill Schoelen</a>.</p> <p>In 1988, Pitt had his first starring role, in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Side_Of_The_Sun" title="Dark Side Of The Sun">Dark Side Of The Sun</a></i>, where he played a young American taken by his family to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> to find a remedy for a skin condition. The movie was shot in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> in the summer of '88 with Brad being paid $1,523 a week for seven weeks. However, with editing nearly complete, war broke out and much of the film was lost. The film was released years later.</p> <p>Pitt won a part in the TV movie <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Too_Young_to_Die%3F" title="Too Young to Die?">Too Young to Die?</a></i>, about an abused <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenager" title="Teenager">teenager</a> given the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_penalty" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> for murder. Pitt played the part of a drug addict, Silly Canton, who took advantage of runaway <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliette_Lewis" title="Juliette Lewis">Juliette Lewis</a>, who Pitt began dating in real life. "It was quite romantic", he later observed dryly "shooting her full of drugs and stuff".<sup class="noprint">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources" style="white-space: nowrap;">citation needed</span></i></a>]</sup> The pair would be together for three years.</p> <p><a name="1991-1993"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">1991-1993</span></h3> <p>In 1991, Pitt starred as Joe Maloney in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Across_the_Tracks" title="Across the Tracks">Across the Tracks</a></i> in which he portrayed a high school runner with a difficult criminal brother played by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Schroder" title="Rick Schroder">Rick Schroder</a>.</p> <p>Pitt attracted broader public attention from a supporting role in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelma_%26_Louise" title="Thelma & Louise">Thelma & Louise</a></i> where he played a small time criminal drifter in a love scene with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geena_Davis" title="Geena Davis">Geena Davis</a>. His reputation as a sex symbol may have begun from the moment he walked away from the camera while Thelma commented about his backside, <i>That's him going. I just love watching him go.</i> Brad had in fact been the third choice for the role<sup class="noprint">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources" style="white-space: nowrap;">citation needed</span></i></a>]</sup>. The first choice, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Baldwin" title="William Baldwin">William Baldwin</a>, chose to do <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backdraft_%28film%29" title="Backdraft (film)">Backdraft</a></i> instead.</p> <p>After <i>Thelma and Louise</i>, Pitt starred in the low budget 1991 film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Suede" title="Johnny Suede">Johnny Suede</a></i> as an awkward dreamer who aspired to be a big-haired rock star alongside <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Keener" title="Catherine Keener">Catherine Keener</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Cave" title="Nick Cave">Nick Cave</a>, directed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_DiCillo" title="Tom DiCillo">Tom DiCillo</a>. Pitt had agreed to play the part before <i>Thelma & Louise</i> was released. After appearing in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_World" title="Cool World">Cool World</a></i>, Pitt was in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_River_Runs_Through_It_%28film%29" title="A River Runs Through It (film)">A River Runs Through It</a></i> in 1992, for which Pitt learned <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">fly fishing</a> by casting off of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood" title="Hollywood">Hollywood</a> buildings.<sup class="noprint">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources" style="white-space: nowrap;">citation needed</span></i></a>]</sup> Pitt struck up a friendship with co-star <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buck_Simmonds" title="Buck Simmonds">Buck Simmonds</a> and following the movie, they moved into an apartment together.<sup class="noprint">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources" style="white-space: nowrap;">citation needed</span></i></a>]</sup></p> <p>Then came <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornia" title="Kalifornia">Kalifornia</a></i> in 1993, a road movie in which he played a scruffy serial killer alongside his then girlfriend <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliette_Lewis" title="Juliette Lewis">Juliette Lewis</a> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Files" title="X-Files">X-Files</a></i> actor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Duchovny" title="David Duchovny">David Duchovny</a>.</p> <p><a name="1994-2000"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">1994-2000</span></h3> <p>In 1994, Pitt played <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampire</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_de_Pointe_du_Lac" title="Louis de Pointe du Lac">Louis de Pointe du Lac</a> in the movie adaptation of Anne Rice's novel <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interview_With_The_Vampire" title="Interview With The Vampire">Interview With The Vampire</a></i>. Pitt played the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eighteenth_century" title="Eighteenth century">eighteenth century</a> vampire which required several hours work in make-up on set to achieve the white skin of the character and he had to wear a pair of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminous" title="Luminous">luminous</a> green eyes, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampire</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fangs" title="Fangs">fangs</a> and a shoulder-length hairpiece to complete the appearance. Pitt worked with the eleven-year-old <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsten_Dunst" title="Kirsten Dunst">Kirsten Dunst</a>, as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Cruise" title="Tom Cruise">Tom Cruise</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Slater" title="Christian Slater">Christian Slater</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Banderas" title="Antonio Banderas">Antonio Banderas</a>.</p> <p>He then starred in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_the_Fall" title="Legends of the Fall">Legends of the Fall</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_%28film%29" title="Seven (film)">Se7en</a></i>. In <i>Se7en</i> Pitt starred as the police detective David Mills alongside <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Freeman" title="Morgan Freeman">Morgan Freeman</a> in the hunt for a serial killer played by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Spacey" title="Kevin Spacey">Kevin Spacey</a>.</p> <p>Pitt was was nominated for an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor" title="Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor">Best Supporting Actor</a> for his portrayal of Jeffrey Goines in the 1995 film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Monkeys" title="Twelve Monkeys">Twelve Monkeys</a></i> in which he acted alongside <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Willis" title="Bruce Willis">Bruce Willis</a>. In 1997 Pitt played the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">IRA</a> terrorist Rory Devany in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Own" title="The Devil's Own">The Devil's Own</a></i> alongside <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison_Ford" title="Harrison Ford">Harrison Ford</a>, the first of several films where he has acted using an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Irish</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent" title="Accent">accent</a>. Reportedly Pitt had a difficult time with the making of the film and expressed his unhappinness with the final <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">script</a> which had apparently been rewritten seven times.<sup class="noprint">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources" style="white-space: nowrap;">citation needed</span></i></a>]</sup></p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 152px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Seven_Years_in_Tibet_cover.jpeg" class="internal" title="Pitt starred as Heinrich Harrer in the 1997 film Seven Years in Tibet"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/97/Seven_Years_in_Tibet_cover.jpeg/150px-Seven_Years_in_Tibet_cover.jpeg" alt="Pitt starred as Heinrich Harrer in the 1997 film Seven Years in Tibet" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Seven_Years_in_Tibet_cover.jpeg" class="thumbimage" height="227" width="150" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Seven_Years_in_Tibet_cover.jpeg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Pitt starred as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Harrer" title="Heinrich Harrer">Heinrich Harrer</a> in the 1997 film <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years_in_Tibet" title="Seven Years in Tibet">Seven Years in Tibet</a></div> </div> </div> <p>That same year he played the main role of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineer" title="Mountaineer">mountaineer</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Harrer" title="Heinrich Harrer">Heinrich Harrer</a> in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Jacques_Annaud" title="Jean Jacques Annaud">Jean Jacques Annaud</a> film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years_In_Tibet" title="Seven Years In Tibet">Seven Years In Tibet</a></i>. Pitt trained for months for the role which demanded a great deal of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trekking" title="Trekking">trekking</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain" title="Mountain">mountain</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">climbing</a>, working out with co-star English actor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Thewlis" title="David Thewlis">David Thewlis</a> by rock climbing in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>. Due to the themes of Tibetan nationalism in the film, the Chinese government banned Pitt and Thewlis from China for life.<sup id="_ref-0" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_pitt#_note-0" title="">[1]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_pitt#_note-1" title="">[2]</a></sup></p> <p>In 1998, Pitt starred as the main character in the film <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_Joe_Black" title="Meet Joe Black">Meet Joe Black</a></i>. Pitt starred as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personification</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a> inhabiting the body of a young man in order to learn what it is like to be human while informing a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billionaire" title="Billionaire">billionaire</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tycoon" title="Tycoon">tycoon</a> that his life on Earth is nearly over. The film gave Pitt another chance to work alongside Welsh actor Sir <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Hopkins" title="Anthony Hopkins">Anthony Hopkins</a> whom he had previously worked with in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_the_Fall" title="Legends of the Fall">Legends of the Fall</a></i>.</p> <p>In 1999 Brad Pitt starred in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_Club_%28film%29" title="Fight Club (film)">Fight Club</a></i>, based on the novel by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_Palahniuk" title="Chuck Palahniuk">Chuck Palahniuk</a>. Working with his previous director whom he had worked with on <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se7en" title="Se7en">Se7en</a></i> Pitt portrayed the character of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyler_Durden" title="Tyler Durden">Tyler Durden</a>, a highly colorful and complex character.</p> <p>In 2000 Pitt played the role of a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">gypsy</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxer</a> in the gangster movie <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snatch_%28film%29" title="Snatch (film)">Snatch</a></i> alongside <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinnie_Jones" title="Vinnie Jones">Vinnie Jones</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benicio_Del_Toro" title="Benicio Del Toro">Benicio Del Toro</a>. The film was a wild caper involving a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a> heist, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> and American <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mafia" title="Mafia">mafia</a> and the shady underground world , that saw Pitt brought in as a ringer by two failing promoters. The movie saw him moving on from his attempt at the conventional Devil's Own Northern Irish <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accent" title="Accent">accent</a>, and perhaps inspired by his co-star <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benicio_Del_Toro" title="Benicio Del Toro">Benicio Del Toro</a>'s recent performance in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Usual_Suspects" title="The Usual Suspects">The Usual Suspects</a></i>, Pitt created a just-barely-intelligible accent suggesting the Irish Pikeys, itinerant and insular Irish Gypsies. Pitt continued to train for the role, and honed his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a> skills at Ricky English's gym in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watford" title="Watford">Watford</a>.</p> <p><a name="2001-present"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">2001-present</span></h3> <p>In 2001 Brad Pitt worked with long-term friend and actress <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_Roberts" title="Julia Roberts">Julia Roberts</a> in the comical road movie <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mexican" title="The Mexican">The Mexican</a></i>. After his wedding to <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends" title="Friends">Friends</a></i> actress <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Aniston" title="Jennifer Aniston">Jennifer Aniston</a> in the summer of that year he immediately began filming for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_Game" title="Spy Game">Spy Game</a></i>, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> thriller in which he starred alongside veteran actor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a> playing the role of his mentor. At the end of the year, Pitt finished filming <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%27s_Eleven_%282001_film%29" title="Ocean's Eleven (2001 film)">Ocean's Eleven</a></i> with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Clooney" title="George Clooney">George Clooney</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Damon" title="Matt Damon">Matt Damon</a>, a remake of the 1960s version which starred <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a>. The film established a close friendship between the three particularly between Pitt and Clooney.<sup class="noprint">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources" style="white-space: nowrap;">citation needed</span></i></a>]</sup></p> <p>Since then he has done numerous films, including <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%27s_Twelve" title="Ocean's Twelve">Ocean's Twelve</a></i> and the Greek historical epic <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_%28film%29" title="Troy (film)">Troy</a></i> in 2004 in which he portrayed the historical character of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>. During the production of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_%28film%29" title="Troy (film)">Troy</a></i> Pitt also sustained an injury to his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achilles_tendon" title="Achilles tendon">Achilles tendon</a> which was coincidental playing the role of Achilles. <a href="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/05/06/1083635286338.html?from=storyrhs" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/05/06/1083635286338.html?from=storyrhs" rel="nofollow">[1]</a></p> <p>In 2005 Pitt starred in <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._%26_Mrs._Smith_%282005_film%29" title="Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005 film)">Mr. & Mrs. Smith</a></i>, in which he <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_Jolie" title="Angelina Jolie">Angelina Jolie</a>, starred as the title roles. There was much speculation in the press at the time that Pitt was embarking on a relationship with Angelina while the film was under production, but Pitt denied there was any intimate involvement with Jolie while he was married to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer_Aniston" title="Jennifer Aniston">Jennifer Aniston</a>.<sup class="noprint">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources" style="white-space: nowrap;">citation needed</span></i></a>]</sup></p> <p>In March 2006, it was announced that <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount</a> had purchased the rights to <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sparrow_%28novel%29" title="The Sparrow (novel)">The Sparrow</a></i> for Pitt's production company, Plan B, and that Pitt would be playing the lead role of Sandoz. <a href="http://www.aintitcool.com/display.cgi?id=22626" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.aintitcool.com/display.cgi?id=22626" rel="nofollow">[2]</a> In June 2006 it was announced that Paramount and Plan B will be working on a new zombie film called <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_War_Z_%28film%29&action=edit" class="new" title="World War Z (film)">World War Z</a></i>, based on the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_Z" title="World War Z">book of the same name</a> by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Brooks" title="Max Brooks">Max Brooks</a>.<a href="http://www.moviesonline.ca/movienews_9032.html" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.moviesonline.ca/movienews_9032.html" rel="nofollow">[3]</a></p> <p>Pitt made his return to Hollywood, in the Fall of 2006, with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu" title="Alejandro González Iñárritu">Alejandro González Iñárritu</a>'s critically acclaimed <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babel_%282006_film%29" title="Babel (2006 film)">Babel</a></i>, starring alongside <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cate_Blanchett" title="Cate Blanchett">Cate Blanchett</a>. The movie garnered him a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award" title="Golden Globe Award">Golden Globe</a> nomination for Best Supporting Actor.</p> <p><a name="Other_work" id="Other_work"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Other work</span></h3> <p>Pitt has appeared in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_commercial" title="Television commercial">television commercials</a> in Asia, such as for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_%28clothing_brand%29" title="Edwin (clothing brand)">Edwin Jeans</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> Altis, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> canned coffee, ROOTS. He also appeared in a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heineken" title="Heineken">Heineken</a> commercial which aired during the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXXIX" title="Super Bowl XXXIX">2005 Super Bowl</a>. It was directed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Fincher" title="David Fincher">David Fincher</a>, who directed Pitt in the feature films <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se7en_%28film%29" title="Se7en (film)">Se7en</a></i> and <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_Club_%28film%29" title="Fight Club (film)">Fight Club</a></i>.</p> <p>Together with Aniston and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> head <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Grey" title="Brad Grey">Brad Grey</a>, Pitt is the co-founder of the production company 'Plan B'. Aniston is no longer a partner in the company, although she is still attached to many projects that were set up before her divorce with Pitt. The company produced the blockbuster <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_and_the_Chocolate_Factory_%28film%29" title="Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)">Charlie and the Chocolate Factory</a></i> starring <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Depp" title="Johnny Depp">Johnny Depp</a>.</p> <p>He has also had a cameo appearance in season 8 of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends" title="Friends">Friends</a></i> and on an episode of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a>'s <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackass_%28TV_series%29" title="Jackass (TV series)">Jackass</a></i>, in which he took part in a staged abduction of himself. In a later episode, he and some cast-members run wild through the streets of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> in gorilla suits.</p> <p><a name="Personal_life" id="Personal_life"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Personal life</span></h2> <div class="messagebox cleanup metadata plainlinks"><b>This section does not cite its <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">references or sources</a>.</b><br /><small>Please help <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brad_Pitt&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brad_Pitt&action=edit" rel="nofollow">improve this article</a> by introducing appropriate citations. (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Help:Contents">help</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">get involved!</a>)<br />This article has been tagged since <b>November 2006</b>.</small></div> <p><a name="Relationship_with_Angelina_Jolie" id="Relationship_with_Angelina_Jolie"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Relationship with Angelina Jolie</span></h3> <p>After his separation from Aniston, Pitt began dating <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelina_Jolie" title="Angelina Jolie">Angelina Jolie</a>. The couple were quickly dubbed "Brangelina" by the media. Pitt accompanied the actress to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> in July 2005 to pick up her adopted daughter Zahara from an orphanage in that country. In late 2005, Pitt accompanied Jolie twice during visits to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> in her function as ambassador of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNHCR" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a> to support earthquake victims in that country. It was announced on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2" title="December 2">December 2</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>, that Pitt was seeking to legally adopt Jolie's two children, son Maddox and daughter Zahara, and to have the children's surnames legally changed to Jolie-Pitt. On <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_19" title="January 19">January 19</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>, a judge in Santa Monica, California approved the name-change request. Jolie gave birth to the couple's first biological child, a daughter named <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiloh_Nouvel_Jolie-Pitt" title="Shiloh Nouvel Jolie-Pitt">Shiloh Nouvel Jolie-Pitt</a>, at the Cottage Medi-Clinic Hospital in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swakopmund" title="Swakopmund">Swakopmund</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>. Shiloh was born by a scheduled <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesarean_section" title="Caesarean section">caesarean section</a>, due to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breech_birth" title="Breech birth">breech presentation</a>, and Pitt was there to cut her <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbilical_cord" title="Umbilical cord">umbilical cord</a>. Pitt confirmed that their newly born daughter will have a Namibian passport.<sup id="_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_pitt#_note-2" title="">[3]</a></sup> Jolie decided to offer the first pictures of Shiloh through the distributor <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getty_Images" title="Getty Images">Getty Images</a> rather than allowing <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paparazzi" title="Paparazzi">paparazzi</a> to make these extremely valuable snapshots. <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_%28magazine%29" title="People (magazine)">People</a></i> paid more than $4.1 million for the North American rights, while British magazine <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello%21" title="Hello!">Hello!</a></i> obtained the international rights for roughly $3.5 million; the total rights sale earned up to $10 million worldwide - the most expensive celebrity image of all time.<sup id="_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_pitt#_note-3" title="">[4]</a></sup> All profits were reputedly donated to an undisclosed charity by Jolie and Pitt.</p> <p>Shiloh’s name means “peaceful one” in Hebrew. Her middle name, Nouvel, comes from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Nouvel" title="Jean Nouvel">Jean Nouvel</a>, a favorite French architect of Pitt’s.</p> <p>As for the rumors that say that they are planning to get married, Pitt states "Angelina and I will consider getting married once all people in America are legally able to." Jolie also claims that they are not planning any wedding or even thinking about it. She states "We are legally bound to our children, not to each other."<a href="http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-12-12-jolie-vogue_x.htm" class="external autonumber" title="http://www.usatoday.com/life/people/2006-12-12-jolie-vogue_x.htm" rel="nofollow">[4]</a></p> <p>He currently lives in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans%2C_Louisiana" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a> with Jolie and their three children, Maddox, Shiloh, and Zahara Jolie-Pitt.<a href="http://usmagazine.com/i_us_i_exclusive_jolie_confirms_she_and_pitts_move_to_new_orleans" class="external autonumber" title="http://usmagazine.com/i_us_i_exclusive_jolie_confirms_she_and_pitts_move_to_new_orleans" rel="nofollow">[5]</a></p> <p><a name="Other_interests" id="Other_interests"></a></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline">Other interests</span></h3> <p>Pitt has been an active supporter of research into diseases such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>.</p> <p><a name="In_popular_culture" id="In_popular_culture"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">In popular culture</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 202px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Brad_Pitt_at_Incirlik2.jpg" class="internal" title="Brad Pitt at the Incirlik hospital, Incirlik Air Base"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Brad_Pitt_at_Incirlik2.jpg/200px-Brad_Pitt_at_Incirlik2.jpg" alt="Brad Pitt at the Incirlik hospital, Incirlik Air Base" longdesc="/wiki/Image:Brad_Pitt_at_Incirlik2.jpg" class="thumbimage" height="260" width="200" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify" style="float: right;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Brad_Pitt_at_Incirlik2.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" height="11" width="15" /></a></div> Brad Pitt at the Incirlik hospital, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incirlik_Air_Base" title="Incirlik Air Base">Incirlik Air Base</a></div> </div> </div> <p>In 1995, Pitt was chosen by <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empire_%28magazine%29" title="Empire (magazine)">Empire</a></i> magazine as one of the 25 sexiest stars in film history. Pitt has also twice been named the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexiest_Man_Alive" title="Sexiest Man Alive">Sexiest Man Alive</a> by <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_%28magazine%29" title="People (magazine)">People</a></i> magazine.</p> <p>Pitt is also prominently featured in the December 2006 Art Issue of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair" title="Vanity Fair">Vanity Fair</a></i>. Pitt appears on the cover in nothing but a pair of white boxers. The cover promotes an article on the Robert Wilson video portraits, a production of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAB_HD" title="LAB HD">LAB HD</a> that includes numerous celebrities and noted personalities. This cover has drawn criticism from Pitt because although he had signed a release for the image, he did not expect it to end up on the cover of <i>Vanity Fair</i> more than a year later. The video portrait, which represents Pitt’s first effort in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde_cinema" title="Avant-garde cinema">avant-garde cinema</a>, was exhibited at the 2006 Tribeca Film Festival.</p> <p>Pitt is mentioned in a number of songs including rap and R&B songs by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z" title="Jay-Z">Jay-Z</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjabi_MC" title="Punjabi MC">Punjabi MC</a>’s “Beware of the Boys” and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Eyed_Peas" title="The Black Eyed Peas">The Black Eyed Peas</a> in the song “Like That”. He was also mentioned by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shania_Twain" title="Shania Twain">Shania Twain</a> in the song “<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/That_Don%27t_Impress_Me_Much" title="That Don't Impress Me Much">That Don't Impress Me Much</a>” in which she makes a reference to Brad Pitt as being the model of male perfection.</p> <p>Pitt has been awarded a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Peter_badge" title="Blue Peter badge">Blue Peter badge</a>.<sup id="_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_pitt#_note-4" title="">[5]</a></sup></p> <p><a name="Filmography" id="Filmography"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Filmography</span></h2> <ul><li>1987: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Man%27s_Land_%281987_film%29" title="No Man's Land (1987 film)">No Man's Land</a></i></li><li>1987: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Less_Than_Zero" title="Less Than Zero">Less Than Zero</a></i></li><li>1989: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Together" title="Happy Together">Happy Together</a></i></li><li>1989: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_Class" title="Cutting Class">Cutting Class</a></i></li><li>1991: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Across_the_Tracks" title="Across the Tracks">Across the Tracks</a></i></li><li>1991: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelma_%26_Louise" title="Thelma & Louise">Thelma & Louise</a></i></li><li>1991: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Suede" title="Johnny Suede">Johnny Suede</a></i></li><li>1992: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact" title="Contact">Contact</a></i> (short subject)</li><li>1992: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_World" title="Cool World">Cool World</a></i></li><li>1992: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_River_Runs_Through_It_%28film%29" title="A River Runs Through It (film)">A River Runs Through It</a></i></li><li>1993: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornia" title="Kalifornia">Kalifornia</a></i></li><li>1993: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Romance" title="True Romance">True Romance</a></i></li><li>1994: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Favor" title="The Favor">The Favor</a></i></li><li>1994: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interview_with_the_Vampire" title="Interview with the Vampire">Interview with the Vampire</a></i></li><li>1994: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_the_Fall" title="Legends of the Fall">Legends of the Fall</a></i></li><li>1995: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se7en" title="Se7en">Se7en</a></i></li><li>1995: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Monkeys" title="Twelve Monkeys">Twelve Monkeys</a></i></li><li>1996: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleepers_%28film%29" title="Sleepers (film)">Sleepers</a></i></li><li>1997: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Devil%27s_Own" title="The Devil's Own">The Devil's Own</a></i></li><li>1997: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years_in_Tibet" title="Seven Years in Tibet">Seven Years in Tibet</a></i></li><li>1997: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dark_Side_of_the_Sun" title="The Dark Side of the Sun">The Dark Side of the Sun</a></i> (filmed in 1988)</li><li>1998: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meet_Joe_Black" title="Meet Joe Black">Meet Joe Black</a></i></li><li>1999: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Being_John_Malkovich" title="Being John Malkovich">Being John Malkovich</a></i> (cameo)</li><li>1999: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_Club_%28film%29" title="Fight Club (film)">Fight Club</a></i></li><li>2000: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snatch_%28film%29" title="Snatch (film)">Snatch</a></i></li><li>2001: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mexican" title="The Mexican">The Mexican</a></i></li><li>2001: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spy_Game" title="Spy Game">Spy Game</a></i></li><li>2001: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%27s_Eleven_%282001_film%29" title="Ocean's Eleven (2001 film)">Ocean's Eleven</a></i></li><li>2002: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full_Frontal_%28film%29" title="Full Frontal (film)">Full Frontal</a></i> (cameo)</li><li>2002: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Dangerous_Mind" title="Confessions of a Dangerous Mind">Confessions of a Dangerous Mind</a></i> (cameo)</li><li>2003: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinbad:_Legend_of_the_Seven_Seas" title="Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas">Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas</a></i> (voice)</li><li>2003: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abby_Singer" title="Abby Singer">Abby Singer</a></i> (cameo)</li><li>2004: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_%28film%29" title="Troy (film)">Troy</a></i></li><li>2004: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%27s_Twelve" title="Ocean's Twelve">Ocean's Twelve</a></i></li><li>2005: <i>Special Thanks to Roy London</i> (documentary)</li><li>2005: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._%26_Mrs._Smith_%282005_film%29" title="Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005 film)">Mr. & Mrs. Smith</a></i></li><li>2006: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babel_%282006_film%29" title="Babel (2006 film)">Babel</a></i></li><li>2006: <i>Robert Wilson Video Portrait</i></li><li>2007: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Assassination_of_Jesse_James_by_the_Coward_Robert_Ford" title="The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford">The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford</a></i> (completed)</li><li>2007: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Curious_Case_of_Benjamin_Button_%28film%29" title="The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (film)">The Curious Case of Benjamin Button</a></i> (filming)</li><li>2007: <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%27s_Thirteen" title="Ocean's Thirteen">Ocean's Thirteen</a></i> (post-production)</li></ul> <p><a name="Awards_and_nominations" id="Awards_and_nominations"></a></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline">Awards and nominations</span></h2> <p><b>Awards won:</b></p> <ul><li>1993: ShoWest Convention: Male Star of Tomorrow</li><li>1995: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Movie_Awards" title="MTV Movie Awards">MTV Movie Awards</a>: Best Male Performance for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interview_with_the_Vampire:_The_Vampire_Chronicles" title="Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles">Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles</a></i></li><li>1995: MTV Movie Awards: Most Desirable Male for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interview_with_the_Vampire:_The_Vampire_Chronicles" title="Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles">Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles</a></i></li><li>1996: MTV Movie Awards: Most Desirable Male for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se7en" title="Se7en">Se7en</a></i></li><li>1996: Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films: Best Supporting Actor for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Monkeys" title="Twelve Monkeys">Twelve Monkeys</a></i></li><li>1996: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globes" title="Golden Globes">Golden Globes</a>: Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Monkeys" title="Twelve Monkeys">Twelve Monkeys</a></i></li><li>1996: Sci-Fi Universe Magazine: Best Supporting Actor in a Genre Motion Picture for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Monkeys" title="Twelve Monkeys">Twelve Monkeys</a></i></li><li>1997: Blockbuster Entertainment Awards: Favorite Supporting Actor, Science Fiction for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Monkeys" title="Twelve Monkeys">Twelve Monkeys</a></i></li><li>1998: Rembrandt Awards: Best Actor for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Years_in_Tibet" title="Seven Years in Tibet">Seven Years in Tibet</a></i></li><li>2004: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Choice_Awards" title="Teen Choice Awards">Teen Choice Awards</a>: Choice Movie Actor, Drama/Action Adventure for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy_%28film%29" title="Troy (film)">Troy</a></i></li><li>2005: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Choice_Awards" title="People's Choice Awards">People's Choice Awards</a>: Favorite Leading Man</li><li>2006: MTV Movie Awards: Best Fight Scene for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._%26_Mrs._Smith" title="Mr. & Mrs. Smith">Mr. & Mrs. Smith</a></li></ul> <p><b>Awards nominations:</b></p> <ul><li>1995: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Globes" title="Golden Globes">Golden Globes</a>: Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture, Drama for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legends_of_the_Fall" title="Legends of the Fall">Legends of the Fall</a></i></li><li>1995: Academy of Science Fiction, Fantasy & Horror Films: Best Actor for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interview_with_the_Vampire:_The_Vampire_Chronicles" title="Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles">Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles</a></i></li><li>1996: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>: Best Actor in a Supporting Role for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Monkeys" title="Twelve Monkeys">Twelve Monkeys</a></i></li><li>1995: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV_Movie_Awards" title="MTV Movie Awards">MTV Movie Awards</a>: Best On-Screen Duo for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interview_with_the_Vampire:_The_Vampire_Chronicles" title="Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles">Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles</a></i></li><li>1996: MTV Movie Awards: Best Male Performance for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelve_Monkeys" title="Twelve Monkeys">Twelve Monkeys</a></i></li><li>1996: MTV Movie Awards: Best On-Screen Duo for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se7en" title="Se7en">Se7en</a></i></li><li>2000: Blockbuster Entertainment Awards: Favorite Action Team for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fight_Club" title="Fight Club">Fight Club</a></i></li><li>2001: Golden Satellite Awards: Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role, Comedy or Musical for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snatch_%28film%29" title="Snatch (film)">Snatch</a></i></li><li>2001: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Choice_Awards" title="Teen Choice Awards">Teen Choice Awards</a>: Choice Chemistry for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mexican" title="The Mexican">The Mexican</a></i></li><li>2002: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Awards" title="Emmy Awards">Emmy Awards</a>: Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friends" title="Friends">Friends</a></i> ("<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_with_the_Rumor" title="The One with the Rumor">The One with the Rumor</a>")</li><li>2002: MTV Movie Awards: Best On-Screen Team for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%27s_Eleven_%282001_film%29" title="Ocean's Eleven (2001 film)">Ocean's Eleven</a></i></li><li>2004: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kids%27_Choice_Awards" title="Kids' Choice Awards">Kids' Choice Awards</a>: Favorite Voice from an Animated Movie for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinbad:_Legend_of_the_Seven_Seas" title="Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas">Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas</a></i></li><li>2005: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_Film_Critics_Association_Awards" title="Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards">Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards</a>: Best Acting Ensemble for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean%27s_Twelve" title="Ocean's Twelve">Ocean's Twelve</a></i></li><li>2006: MTV Movie Awards: Best On-Screen Kiss for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._and_Mrs._Smith" title="Mr. and Mrs. Smith">Mr. and Mrs. Smith</a></i></li><li>2007: Golden Globes: Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture for <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babel_%282006_film%29" title="Babel (2006 film)">Babel</a></i></li></ul>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7017443809156893070.post-4818829753992416472007-02-22T08:15:00.000-08:002007-02-22T08:17:07.247-08:00VAMSEEmy name is vamsi and in this blog ill teach you how to earn money surfing few sites<br />Pay rate was ZERO for several months (but you don't <i>know</i> what the rate will be until after you've put in the time...). 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